Animal Behavior-Ch. 51

Proximate causes

• explain the evolutionary significance of a behavior

• are immediate causes of behavior such as environmental stimuli

• are environmental, whereas ultimate causes are genetic

• show that nature is more important than nurture

The behavior that maximizes an animal's energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

• optimal foraging

• Hamilton's rule

• a fixed-action pattern

• cognition and learning

Which of the following is an example of a fixed action pattern?

• a crane in captive-breeding program imprinting on its human caregiver

• a male stickleback fish chasing a red-bellied object from its territory

• the claw-waving behavior of a male fiddler crab

• a digger wasp returning to its nest with the aid of landmarks

A honeybee's waggle dance indicates

• location of predators

• how much of a food source is available

• the direction and distance of a food source from the hive

• the direction of a food source from the hive

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A sensitive period

• is the time right after birth

• usually follows the reception of a sign stimulus

• is a limited time in which imprinting can occur

• is the period during which birds can learn to fly

In operant conditioning, a(n)

• animal improves its performance of a fixed-action pattern

• animal learns as a result of associating a benefit or harm with an action

• bird can learn the song of a related species if it hears only that song

• irrelevant stimulus can elicit a response because of its association with a normal stimulus

You have discovered a new primate species in which there is very little difference between males and females. You would correctly predict that this species is

• monogamous

• promiscuous

• polyandrous

• polygynous

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Which of the following examples of behavior provides evidence of animal cognition?

• ravens pulling up string to obtain a food item attached to it

• trained honeybees that can discriminate between the concepts of "same" and "different" by matching colors or patterns

• a biology student using various resources to study for an exam

• all of the above show evidence of information processing and animal cognition

In frogs, the male releases sperm onto the eggs as they are deposited, thus ensuring paternity. What behavior would you expect to find in frog species?

• Males are often responsible for parental care of eggs.

• Males defend a harem of several females.

• Females are highly ornamented, and are selected by males for mating.

• Males select females because of pheromone signals.

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A crow that aids its parents in raising its siblings is increasing its

• survival success

• altruistic behavior

• inclusive fitness

• coefficient of relatedness

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