Cell Organelles Review

Which of the following best describes how the central vacuole helps support the structure of a plant cell?

• The central vacuole uses a network of protein fibers to support the shape of the plant cell.

• When the central vacuole is empty, it expands in order to fill space and maintain the cell’s structure.

• The central vacuole uses a large, rigid membrane to support the shape of the plant cell.

• When the central vacuole is full of water, it applies pressure to the cell wall and maintains the shape of the cell.

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NGSS.MS-LS1-2

A damaged cell is unable to properly modify proteins after they are synthesized, which causes the proteins to misfold.

Which of the following structures is most likely damaged in the cell?

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Chloroplast

Phenytoin is a prescription drug that is used to treat patients with epilepsy. A side effect of phenytoin is that it can be toxic to mitochondria.

Which of the following processes will be most immediately disrupted by this side effect?

• Protein synthesis

• Lysosome synthesis

• Lipid synthesis

• ATP synthesis

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NGSS.HS-LS1-7

Wolman disease affects lysosomal function and results in the accumulation of lipids in the liver, spleen, intestines, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes.

Which of the following best explains why excess lipids accumulate in individuals with Wolman disease?

• The lysosomes allow excess lipids to enter the cell through endocytosis.

• The lysosomes prevent lipids from entering the cell through endocytosis.

• The lysosomes contain an insufficient amount of lipid-digesting enzymes.

• The lysosomes accumulate extra lipid-digesting enzymes.

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NGSS.HS-LS2-3

Eukaryotic cells contain an intricate endomembrane system that includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi complex. The Golgi complex and rough ER are often near each other, which is essential for their roles in the endomembrane system.

Which of the following most accurately explains why the Golgi complex is often near the rough ER?

• The Golgi complex modifies lipids that have been produced by the rough ER.

• The Golgi complex modifies and packages proteins that are produced in the rough ER.

• The Golgi complex uses enzymes to digest misfolded proteins that are produced in the rough ER.

• The Golgi complex translates proteins using instructions provided by the rough ER.

Which of the following statements about cell structures best supports the common ancestry of all living things?

• All cells contain ribosomes.

• All plant cells have a cell wall.

• Eukaryotes have nuclei and prokaryotes do not.

• Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

An oocyte is an immature reproductive cell found in many sexually reproducing organisms. A crawfish oocyte has a radius of approximately 1mm, while a human oocyte is much smaller and has a radius of about 0.05mm

Surface area of a sphere: A = 4πr²

Assuming both cell types are perfectly spherical, how many times larger is the surface area of a crawfish oocyte compared to the surface area of a human oocyte?

• 100 times larger

• 200 times larger

• 300 times larger

• 400 times larger

Cell X has a surface area of 60μm² and a volume of 15μm³. Cell Y has a surface area of 36μm² and a volume of 12μm³.

Using the information above, determine the surface-area-to-volume ratio of each cell. What is the SA:V ratio of the cell that will exchange materials with its environment at the fastest rate of diffusion?

• 1 μm⁻¹

• 2 μm⁻¹

• 3 μm⁻¹

• 4 μm⁻¹

The figure above depicts an agar cube with a side length of

13mm. In an experiment, students submerged the cube in red dye for 12 hours. The red dye permeated 1mm on each side, as indicated by the shading in the figure.

Volume of a rectangular solid: V = lwh

Calculate the volume of the agar cube that remained unpenetrated by the red dye.

• 1331 mm²

• 1728 mm²

• 2197 mm²

• 2744 mm²

The images show the 3D space-filling models of two lipids. One lipid has a straight structure and the other lipid has a kinked, or bent structure.

Which of the following best describes how kinks within lipids contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane?

• The hydrocarbon tails of unsaturated fatty acids form kinks that prevent dense packing of components within the cell membrane.

• The double bonds within the glycerol portions of fatty acids form kinks that prevent dense packing of components within the cell membrane.

• The double bonds within the phosphate heads of phospholipids form kinks that prevent dense packing of components within the cell membrane.

• The hydrocarbon tails of saturated fatty acids form kinks that prevent dense packing of components within the cell membrane.