AP Biology - Mutations and Viruses

In order to cause a tumor, a mutation would have to have what effect?

• The non-mutated protein increases cell division, and the mutation makes the protein overactive

• The non-mutated protein is a growth hormone receptor, and the mutation weakens the protein's structure

• The non-mutated protein normally inhibits the cell cycle, and the mutation makes the protein overactive

• The non-mutated protein usually regulates gene expression, and the mutation decreased the protein's activity

Individuals homozygous recessive for Tay-Sachs disease have deadly symptoms. However, carriers show no symptoms. What is the best explanation for this?

• Carriers received a vaccination

• Carriers have an extra chromosome

• Carriers have an important nutrient that recessive individuals don't

• Carriers make an enzyme that recessive individuals can't

What would happen if the DNA coding (nontemplate) sequence TCT went through a substitution mutation and became TCC?

• A premature stop codon

• A frame shift

• No gene transcription

• No change to the protein

A coding (nontemplate) sequence of DNA reads GAG. What are the possible consequences of a substitution mutation to the first guanine? (2 answers)

• A premature stop codon

• A different amino acid

• No change to the protein

• A frameshift

Which of the following does NOT increase genetic variation?

• Sexual reproduction

• Independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis

• Mutations due to radiation or chemicals

• Independent assortment during mitosis

Select ALL of the mechanisms that bacteria can use to develop antibiotic resistance

• random mutations in DNA

• Transformation, where DNA is taken in from the environment

• Conjugation, where bacteria mate and transfer DNA

• Transduction, where viruses introduce DNA into bacteria

• Transcription, where RNA polymerase makes a quick and temporary copy of DNA

How do extra chromosomes cause genetic disorders?

• Extra chromosomes make the nucleus crowded, so RNA polymerase cannot reach certain genes that go untranscribed.

• Extra chromosomes increase levels of RNA transcribed for the genes on them, and that increases the amount of those proteins produced.

• Extra chromosomes inhibit cell division by changing homologous pairs

• Extra chromosomes will promote nondisjunction of other homologous pairs during the cell cycle

A single base pair substitution could cause which of the following?

• A change in the amino acid

• The protein could stay the same

• An early stop codon

• A premature start codon

• A frameshift

How can a mutation that changes only one nucleotide inhibit the function of a protein?

• A change in a codon can result in a change in an amino acid, which could potentially change the protein's structure

• A change in a codon can result in an mRNA transcript that is intercepted and degraded by siRNA

• A change in a codon can result in altered binding of transcription factors, increasing the rate of transcription

• A change in a codon can result in altered nutritional uptake by the cell, changing its chemical makeup and thus the macromolecules that can be produced

Which of the following does NOT cause DNA mutations?

• Carcinogens

• Radiation

• UV light

• Soil erosion