EXERCISE ON UTBK

As the cost of gas and oil for home heating has gone up, many Americans have switched from these fuels to wood for heating their homes. In 1973, approximatety 200.000 wood burning stoves, intended for heating their homes use, were sold in the United States; by the end of 1981, there were as many as seven million home-owned wood-burning units in the U.S.

In addition to low fuel bills, many people choose these stoves because their initial cost is very low (the price range from $50 kits to $5,000 top-of-the-line models), and because new technology has made wood fires more efficient, cleaner, and, therefore, safer than ever before.

One new technological feature of this type is the catalytic combustor which adds about $100 to $200 to the cost of the stove, but which causes much more complete combustion of the wood, therefore, burns up more of the pollutants left by incomplete combustion and produces more heat.

A second cost-saving innovation is a device which agitates the wood, increasing the amount of oxygen that reaches the center of the wood pile, and leading to more efficient combustion. The real advantage of this device is that it allows the owner to make use of cheap sources of wood such as dirty wood chips (an industrial by-product) that have almost no commercial value, cost as little $20 a ton, and burn efficiently in furnaces without an agitator.

According to the author, which of the following is not a factor in the recent increase in popularity of wood-burning stoves?

• Their greater cleanliness than in the old days

• The high cost of alternative heating fuels

• The wide range of prices

• The relatively cheap cost of their energy source

• The invention of cost-saving innovation

As the cost of gas and oil for home heating has gone up, many Americans have switched from these fuels to wood for heating their homes. In 1973, approximatety 200.000 wood burning stoves, intended for heating their homes use, were sold in the United States; by the end of 1981, there were as many as seven million home-owned wood-burning units in the U.S.

In addition to low fuel bills, many people choose these stoves because their initial cost is very low (the price range from $50 kits to $5,000 top-of-the-line models), and because new technology has made wood fires more efficient, cleaner, and, therefore, safer than ever before.

One new technological feature of this type is the catalytic combustor which adds about $100 to $200 to the cost of the stove, but which causes much more complete combustion of the wood, therefore, burns up more of the pollutants left by incomplete combustion and produces more heat.

A second cost-saving innovation is a device which agitates the wood, increasing the amount of oxygen that reaches the center of the wood pile, and leading to more efficient combustion. The real advantage of this device is that it allows the owner to make use of cheap sources of wood such as dirty wood chips (an industrial by-product) that have almost no commercial value, cost as little $20 a ton, and burn efficiently in furnaces without an agitator.

Which of the following statements is an example of an innovation in wood-burning stoves?

• Dirty wood chips

• The catalytic combustor

• $5.000 top-of-the-line-models

• Industrial by-products

• Oxygen agitator

As the cost of gas and oil for home heating has gone up, many Americans have switched from these fuels to wood for heating their homes. In 1973, approximatety 200.000 wood burning stoves, intended for heating their homes use, were sold in the United States; by the end of 1981, there were as many as seven million home-owned wood-burning units in the U.S.

In addition to low fuel bills, many people choose these stoves because their initial cost is very low (the price range from $50 kits to $5,000 top-of-the-line models), and because new technology has made wood fires more efficient, cleaner, and, therefore, safer than ever before.

One new technological feature of this type is the catalytic combustor which adds about $100 to $200 to the cost of the stove, but which causes much more complete combustion of the wood, therefore, burns up more of the pollutants left by incomplete combustion and produces more heat.

A second cost-saving innovation is a device which agitates the wood, increasing the amount of oxygen that reaches the center of the wood pile, and leading to more efficient combustion. The real advantage of this device is that it allows the owner to make use of cheap sources of wood such as dirty wood chips (an industrial by-product) that have almost no commercial value, cost as little $20 a ton, and burn efficiently in furnaces without an agitator.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

• Wood-burning stoves are safer and more efficient than they used to be.

• No factories exist for the purpose of producing dirty wood chips.

• Both catalytic combustor and wood agitators save money in the long run.

• Wood-burning stoves with catalytic combustors cost between $100 and $200.

• A ton dirty wood chips cost about $20.

As the cost of gas and oil for home heating has gone up, many Americans have switched from these fuels to wood for heating their homes. In 1973, approximatety 200.000 wood burning stoves, intended for heating their homes use, were sold in the United States; by the end of 1981, there were as many as seven million home-owned wood-burning units in the U.S.

In addition to low fuel bills, many people choose these stoves because their initial cost is very low (the price range from $50 kits to $5,000 top-of-the-line models), and because new technology has made wood fires more efficient, cleaner, and, therefore, safer than ever before.

One new technological feature of this type is the catalytic combustor which adds about $100 to $200 to the cost of the stove, but which causes much more complete combustion of the wood, therefore, burns up more of the pollutants left by incomplete combustion and produces more heat.

A second cost-saving innovation is a device which agitates the wood, increasing the amount of oxygen that reaches the center of the wood pile, and leading to more efficient combustion. The real advantage of this device is that it allows the owner to make use of cheap sources of wood such as dirty wood chips (an industrial by-product) that have almost no commercial value, cost as little $20 a ton, and burn efficiently in furnaces without an agitator.

From the text we may conclude that ...

• many Americans have switched from hydrocarbon-based fuels to wood because the price of the latter has risen

• catalytic combustor increase the amount of pollution caused by wood-burning stoves

• agitators are a cheaper addition to wood-burning stoves than catalytic combustors

• the need for stoves exploded more in 1973 than any period time

• some wood-burning stoves cost one hundred times more than other

The pain of a migraine headache can virtually disable a person who suffers from it. Millions and millions of people suffer from migraines, although many of them do not even recognize that a migraine is different from a regular headache. A migraine is not at all the same as normal headache, and it seems to have a very physical cause.

One symptom of a migraine is a precursor, which is a visual aura before an attack. Yet only about a third of patients actually experience that, and it is therefore not a requirement in the diagnosis. Other symptoms include increased pain when a person moves, nausea, and sensititivity to light and sound.

Scientists now believe that migraines are caused, not by abnormal blood vessels as previously believed, but instead by a unique electrical disorder of brain cells. Physicians used to treat migraines with medicine to constrict blood vessels because of the belief that dilated blood vessels were the cause.

The new research has been enchanced by imaging devices that allow scientists to watch patient brains during an attack. The results show that sufferers have abnormally excitable neurons, or brain nerve cells. Prior to the attack, the neurons suddenly fire off electrical pulses at the back of the brain, which ripple like waves on a lake after a stone hits the water. They ripple across the top and then the back of the brain, ultimately affecting the brain stem where the pain centers are located. The pain then generates possibly from the brain stem itself or from blood vessels inflamed by the rapidly changing blood flow, or perhaps from both.

Scientists have experimented by applying a powerful magnet to stimulate the neurons and discovered that some people’s brains react differently, than others. When stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had suffered migraines, they saw the initial aura, and some actually suffered migraines. When the same stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had never suffered migraines, they realized no effect and the neurons showed no change.

Scientists and doctors continue to work on the research in an attempt to find the perfect treatment. It is considered important to treat migraines because it is believed that prolonged untreated attacks could cause physical changes in the brain leading to chronic pain.

The author indicates that the precursor to a migraine ...

• is a fiction

• happens to all migraine sufferers

• occurs during or after the attack

• is something some sufferers see before an attack

• ripple like waves on a lake

The pain of a migraine headache can virtually disable a person who suffers from it. Millions and millions of people suffer from migraines, although many of them do not even recognize that a migraine is different from a regular headache. A migraine is not at all the same as normal headache, and it seems to have a very physical cause.

One symptom of a migraine is a precursor, which is a visual aura before an attack. Yet only about a third of patients actually experience that, and it is therefore not a requirement in the diagnosis. Other symptoms include increased pain when a person moves, nausea, and sensititivity to light and sound.

Scientists now believe that migraines are caused, not by abnormal blood vessels as previously believed, but instead by a unique electrical disorder of brain cells. Physicians used to treat migraines with medicine to constrict blood vessels because of the belief that dilated blood vessels were the cause.

The new research has been enchanced by imaging devices that allow scientists to watch patient brains during an attack. The results show that sufferers have abnormally excitable neurons, or brain nerve cells. Prior to the attack, the neurons suddenly fire off electrical pulses at the back of the brain, which ripple like waves on a lake after a stone hits the water. They ripple across the top and then the back of the brain, ultimately affecting the brain stem where the pain centers are located. The pain then generates possibly from the brain stem itself or from blood vessels inflamed by the rapidly changing blood flow, or perhaps from both.

Scientists have experimented by applying a powerful magnet to stimulate the neurons and discovered that some people’s brains react differently, than others. When stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had suffered migraines, they saw the initial aura, and some actually suffered migraines. When the same stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had never suffered migraines, they realized no effect and the neurons showed no change.

Scientists and doctors continue to work on the research in an attempt to find the perfect treatment. It is considered important to treat migraines because it is believed that prolonged untreated attacks could cause physical changes in the brain leading to chronic pain.

The prior treatment for migraines included medicine that ...

• eliminated any pain

• ) tightened blood vessels

• eliminated the aura

• eliminated stress

• prolonged attacks

The pain of a migraine headache can virtually disable a person who suffers from it. Millions and millions of people suffer from migraines, although many of them do not even recognize that a migraine is different from a regular headache. A migraine is not at all the same as normal headache, and it seems to have a very physical cause.

One symptom of a migraine is a precursor, which is a visual aura before an attack. Yet only about a third of patients actually experience that, and it is therefore not a requirement in the diagnosis. Other symptoms include increased pain when a person moves, nausea, and sensititivity to light and sound.

Scientists now believe that migraines are caused, not by abnormal blood vessels as previously believed, but instead by a unique electrical disorder of brain cells. Physicians used to treat migraines with medicine to constrict blood vessels because of the belief that dilated blood vessels were the cause.

The new research has been enchanced by imaging devices that allow scientists to watch patient brains during an attack. The results show that sufferers have abnormally excitable neurons, or brain nerve cells. Prior to the attack, the neurons suddenly fire off electrical pulses at the back of the brain, which ripple like waves on a lake after a stone hits the water. They ripple across the top and then the back of the brain, ultimately affecting the brain stem where the pain centers are located. The pain then generates possibly from the brain stem itself or from blood vessels inflamed by the rapidly changing blood flow, or perhaps from both.

Scientists have experimented by applying a powerful magnet to stimulate the neurons and discovered that some people’s brains react differently, than others. When stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had suffered migraines, they saw the initial aura, and some actually suffered migraines. When the same stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had never suffered migraines, they realized no effect and the neurons showed no change.

Scientists and doctors continue to work on the research in an attempt to find the perfect treatment. It is considered important to treat migraines because it is believed that prolonged untreated attacks could cause physical changes in the brain leading to chronic pain.

The word others in line 17 refers to ...

• other people

• the brains

• the brains of the scientists

• other people’s brain

• the neurons of the brain

The pain of a migraine headache can virtually disable a person who suffers from it. Millions and millions of people suffer from migraines, although many of them do not even recognize that a migraine is different from a regular headache. A migraine is not at all the same as normal headache, and it seems to have a very physical cause.

One symptom of a migraine is a precursor, which is a visual aura before an attack. Yet only about a third of patients actually experience that, and it is therefore not a requirement in the diagnosis. Other symptoms include increased pain when a person moves, nausea, and sensititivity to light and sound.

Scientists now believe that migraines are caused, not by abnormal blood vessels as previously believed, but instead by a unique electrical disorder of brain cells. Physicians used to treat migraines with medicine to constrict blood vessels because of the belief that dilated blood vessels were the cause.

The new research has been enchanced by imaging devices that allow scientists to watch patient brains during an attack. The results show that sufferers have abnormally excitable neurons, or brain nerve cells. Prior to the attack, the neurons suddenly fire off electrical pulses at the back of the brain, which ripple like waves on a lake after a stone hits the water. They ripple across the top and then the back of the brain, ultimately affecting the brain stem where the pain centers are located. The pain then generates possibly from the brain stem itself or from blood vessels inflamed by the rapidly changing blood flow, or perhaps from both.

Scientists have experimented by applying a powerful magnet to stimulate the neurons and discovered that some people’s brains react differently, than others. When stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had suffered migraines, they saw the initial aura, and some actually suffered migraines. When the same stimulation was applied to the brains of people who had never suffered migraines, they realized no effect and the neurons showed no change.

Scientists and doctors continue to work on the research in an attempt to find the perfect treatment. It is considered important to treat migraines because it is believed that prolonged untreated attacks could cause physical changes in the brain leading to chronic pain.

The author implies that in the past scientists had thought migraines were caused by ...

• neuron firings

• stress

• constricted blood vessels

• expanded blood vessels

• the stimulations to the brain

Psychologists who work on motivation research a wide range to human traits and physiological characteristics that include the effects of hunger reward, and punishment, as well as desires for power tangible achievement social acceptance, belonging-ness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. A plethora of hypotheses developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have the goal of identifying causes of an organism’s behavior that can be both conscious and unconscious. The hierarchical organization of human needs is a theoretical model, originally established by an American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, in 1954. The needs located at the bottom of the pyramid are the essentials of physiological survival that encompass oxygen, water, nutrition rest, and avoidance of pain. Maslow’s theory, grounded in research, also stipulated that these are variable and, at least to some extent, may explain, for example, food gratification. The second tier is rooted in the human need for safety stability, and protection.

The word “plethora” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to …

• oversimplication

• overlap

• overreach

• overconfidence

• overabundance

Psychologists who work on motivation research a wide range to human traits and physiological characteristics that include the effects of hunger reward, and punishment, as well as desires for power tangible achievement social acceptance, belonging-ness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. A plethora of hypotheses developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have the goal of identifying causes of an organism’s behavior that can be both conscious and unconscious. The hierarchical organization of human needs is a theoretical model, originally established by an American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, in 1954. The needs located at the bottom of the pyramid are the essentials of physiological survival that encompass oxygen, water, nutrition rest, and avoidance of pain. Maslow’s theory, grounded in research, also stipulated that these are variable and, at least to some extent, may explain, for example, food gratification. The second tier is rooted in the human need for safety stability, and protection.

The word “these” in paragraph 1 refers to …

• theory and research

• rest and avoidance of pain

• oxygen, water, nutrition and rest

• the lowest set of factord

• psychological characteristics