Aging Process

Age-related melanin deficiency leads to which one of the following manifestations:

• age spots

• wrinkle skin

• graying hair

• stooped posture

Immune function is altered in aging due to:

• increased hypersensitivity response

• reduced autoimmune response

• increased T-cell lymphocyte number

• reduced T-cell lymphocyte activity

Neurofibrillary tangles are most commonly associated with:

• Alzheimer disease

• Parkinson Disease

• Progeria

• Multiple Sclerosis

An example of age-related primary atrophy of skeletal tissue

• osteopenia

• senescent bone loss

• menopausal bone loss

• reduced bone calcification

Which of the following vascular changes results in increased cardiac afterload and hypertension in the elderly:

• decreased elasticity in arterial connective tissue

• increased elasticity in arterial connective tissue

• decreased elasticity in venous connective tissue

• increased elasticity in venous connective tissue

Which of the following may indicate the development of typical age-related changes in thyroid function?

• increased T3 levels

• increased TSH levels

• decreased TSH levels

• hyperthyroidism

Renal function impairment in aging is related to:

• increased renal mass

• reduced nephron number

• increased glomerular filtration rate

• enhanced proximal tubule function

Which age-related alteration in elimination in the elderly often results in severe dehydration?

• constipation

• diarrhea

• fecal incontinence

• urinary retention

A difference in which one of the following factors contributes to increased gender-based prevalence of osteoporosis in women compared with men?

• total bone mass

• intestinal calcium absorption

• renal calcium elimination

• vitamin D activation

Which of the following types of fracture is common due to the high content of cancellous bone?

• femur

• hip

• humerus

• spine