The Middle East in the 20th Century

In 1897, Theodor Herzl founded a movement to create a state for Jews partially because of extreme anti-Semitism in Europe. This movement was called the

• Odessa Movement.

• Leningrad Movement.

• Zionist Movement.

• Lost Tribes Movement.

The Ottoman General who led the successful defense of the Gallipoli Peninsula during World War I and as Turkey's first president steered Turkey to become a secular, Western-style state was

• Saddham Hussein.

• Hussein ibn Ali.

• Faisal ibn Hussein.

• Mustafa Kemal.

Most scholars argue that the first genocide of the 20th century was committed by the Ottoman Turks against _________________ during World War I.

• Hashemites

• Armenian Christians

• Wahhabis

• Mamluks

Why did the Arab leader of western Arabia named Hussein ibn Ali lead a rebellion against his Ottoman Turk overlords in the Sinai, Syria, and Palestine during World War I?

• The British promised Arabs the creation of a large Arab state in the Middle East that Hussein believed would include Palestine.

• The British promised Hussein control of Afghanistan.

• The British promised Hussein control of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan.

• The British promised Hussein control of Egypt.

The 1923 treaty through which major European powers sanctioned ethnic cleansing by allowing ethnic Greeks to be moved from Turkey to Greece and ethnic Turks to be moved from Greece to Turkey was the

• Treaty of Versailles.

• Treaty of Sevres.

• Treaty of Lausanne.

• Treaty of Paris.

What was the significance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to the history of the Middle East in the twentieth century?

• The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Kurds in Palestine.

• The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Arabs in Palestine.

• The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Uzbeks in Palestine.

• The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Jews in Palestine.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916

• guaranteed British passage through the Bosporus Strait during World War I.

• was a secret plan developed by the British and French to partition the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

• was a secret plan developed by the British and French to invade Germany in 1917.

• was a secret plan developed by the British and French to invade Austria-Hungary in 1917.

The Treaty of Sevres (1920) negotiated between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies

• prevented the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

• gave Russia control of most of the Ottoman Empire's lands in the Middle East.

• required the Ottoman Empire to renounce control over its non-Turkish provinces.

• established Turkey and declared it a mandate of the United States.

All of the following were territories assigned by the League of Nations to be part of a British mandate after World War I, except

• Palestine.

• Transjordan.

• Iraq.

• Saudi Arabia.

The League of Nations assigned France Syria and Lebanon as mandates after World War I.

• True

• False