what is TRUE about perception?

• how we are perceived about behaviour of someone

• process of classifying, interpreting and understanding an individual

• process of evaluating behaviour of an event or individual

• process of judging human behaviour

Kelley’s Theory of Causal Attribution believe that others’ actions to be caused by internal or external factors based on three types of information EXCEPT:

• Causal

• Consistency

• Distinctiveness

• Consensus

Consensus is

• Information regarding the extent to which a person behaves in the same manner in other contexts.

• Information regarding the extent to which other people behave in the same manner as the person being judged.

• Information regarding the extent to which other people behave in the same manner when situation occur across manner

• Information regarding the extent to which the person being judged acts the same way at other times

Consistency is about

• Information regarding the extent to which a person behaves in the same manner in other contexts

• Information regarding the extent to which other people behave in the same manner as the person being judged.

• Information regarding the extent to which a person behaves in the same manner in other situation

• Information regarding the extent to which the person being judged acts the same way at other times.

Distinctiveness is information regarding the extent to which a person behaves in the same manner

• in other time

• in other situation

• as the person being judged

• in same context

All is true about Fundamental Attribution Error except:

• Tendency to underestimate and ignore the importance of external factors that may influence one’s behaviour, or vice versa to attribute one’s actions to internal factors

• Making erroneous judgment about the behaviour of others

• Making bias judgment about the behaviour of others

• For exmaple line manager attributes that his operators are lazy (internal) when they sit around idle when the machine is down (external)

what is true about self serving bias

• The tendency of attributing certain events to themselves (internal) and blaming others (external) for particular events or incidents.

• Making erroneous judgment about the behaviour of others.

• Assigning success to internal factors and blaming failures as external factors.

• someone take credit over his team failure (internal) and blaming other parties who are perform (external).

what is not true about Selective Perception

• For example manager giving a high grades in performance appraisal to his favorably employee who is cooperative.

• The tendency to focus on a particular aspect and ignoring others when encountering another person or situation

• Can be positive or negative impact on the person being perceived depending on what the perceiver is focused on

• For example the interviewer may be looking at certain criteria only and disregard the other positive aspect of the candidates.

what is the meaning of Contrast Effect

• The tendency to gravitate to those similar to us or see them in a more positive light compared to those who are different

• The tendency to perceive or evaluate other individuals based on our assessment of ourselves

• The tendency to draw a general impression based on a single characteristic, e.g. appearance, intelligence, etc

• Making comparisons with other people who performed either better or worse than the one you are evaluating

What is not true Halo effect

• The tendency to draw a general impression based on a single characteristic

• Making comparisons with other people who performed either better or worse than the one you are evaluating.

• Evaluate an individual based on one characteristic that overshadows other characteristic he or she has

• For example manager giving a high grades in performance appraisal to his favorably employee who is cooperative.