Research Design

1. Quantitative research is a means

• For exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.

• For testing objectives theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analysed using statistical procedures.

• Is an approach to inquiry that combines or associate both qualitative and quantitative forms.

The research problem

• Is related to a concept or phenomenon needs to be understood because little research has been done on it.

• Involve the forms of data collection, analysis and interpretation that researcher propose for their studies.

• Is a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants.

The purpose of literature review

• To provide measures or observations for testing a theory.

• To generalize from a sample to a population so that inferences can be made about some characteristic, attitude, or behaviour of this population.

• Helps to determine whether the topic is worth studying, and it provides insight into ways in which the researcher can limit the scope to a needed area of inquiry.

Independent variables are

• Those that (probably) cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are also called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.

• Those that depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variables.

• New variables constructed by a researcher by taking one variable and multiplying it by another to determine the joint impact of both.

Survey design is :

• To test the impact of a treatment (or an intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that come.

• Provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population.

• Investigators identify a sample and generalize to a population.

In qualitative interviews,

• The researcher takes field notes on the behaviour and activities of individuals at the research site.

• The researcher conduct face-to-face interview with participants, interview participants by telephone, or engages in focus group interviews, with six to eight interviewee in each group.

• The researcher often engage in multiple observations.

Qualitative data collection not involving observations that gather field notes by conducting an observation as a participant

• True

• False

Approach of qualitative data collection involves interview that conducting through email, face-to-face, focus group, online focus group and telephone interviews.

• True

• False

The qualitative data collection involves audio-visual materials such as examine photographs or videotapes.

• True

• False

Data analysis involves collecting open-ended data, based on asking general questions and developing an analysis from the information supplied by participants.

• True

• False