READING COMPREHENSION 1 RED

IQ, or the Intelligence Quotient, is defined as the ratio of a patron’s mental age to chronological age, with the ratio multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define.in theory a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual’s ability to perform intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations are considered to represent intelligence.

In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus as to which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture of the test makers. Test takers from that culture world, it follows, score higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence.

What type of information is included in the first paragraph?

• An argument

• A definition

• An opinion

• A theory

IQ, or the Intelligence Quotient, is defined as the ratio of a patron’s mental age to chronological age, with the ratio multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define.in theory a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual’s ability to perform intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations are considered to represent intelligence.

In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus as to which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture of the test makers. Test takers from that culture world, it follows, score higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence.

How does the information in the first paragraph differ from that in the second paragraph?

• It presents a contrasting point of view

• It follows chronologically from the ideas in the second paragraph

• It presents real information rather than a premise

• It presents an example of the ideas in the second paragraph

The largest lake in the western United States is the Great Salt Lake, an island saltwater lake in north western Utah, just outside the state capital of Salt Lake city. Rivers and stream feed into the Great Salt Lake, but none drain out of it; this has a major influence on both tire salt content and the size of the lake.

Although the Great Salt Lake is fed by freshwater streams, it is actually saltier than the oceans of the world. The salt comes from more than two million tons of minerals that flow into the lake each year from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride – the components of salt-comprise the large majority of the lake’s mineral content.

The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,200 square miles, depending on long-term weather conditions. During period of heavy rains, the size of the lake can swell tremendously from the huge amounts of water flowing into the lake from its feeder rivers and streams; in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 1,400 square miles. During periods of dry weather, the size of the lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to evaporation.

How is the information in the passage organized?

• Two unusual characteristics of the Great Salt Lake are discussed.

• Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lake’s salt levels are presented.

• The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets its salt is outlined.

• The reasons for the variations in the Great Salt Lake’s size are given.

The largest lake in the western United States is the Great Salt Lake, an island saltwater lake in north western Utah, just outside the state capital of Salt Lake city. Rivers and stream feed into the Great Salt Lake, but none drain out of it; this has a major influence on both tire salt content and the size of the lake.

Although the Great Salt Lake is fed by freshwater streams, it is actually saltier than the oceans of the world. The salt comes from more than two million tons of minerals that flow into the lake each year from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride – the components of salt-comprise the large majority of the lake’s mineral content.

The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,200 square miles, depending on long-term weather conditions. During period of heavy rains, the size of the lake can swell tremendously from the huge amounts of water flowing into the lake from its feeder rivers and streams; in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 1,400 square miles. During periods of dry weather, the size of the lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to evaporation.

The third paragraph contains information on ……

• How the size of the lake affects weather conditions.

• The effects of contrasting weather conditions on the size of the lake.

• The effects of changes in the size of the lake.

• The causes of the varied weather conditions in the area of the lake.

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately concocted plan to present an untruth as the truth. It can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle or a forgery, and can be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as politics, religion, science, art and literature.

A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period; as such they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution. These remain, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoamhropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for more than forty years. Finally in 1953, a chemical analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been skilfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to an orang-utan.

The topic of the passage could be best described as……

• The Piltdown Man

• Charles Dawson Discovery

• Eoamhropus dawsoni

• A definition and example of hoax

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately concocted plan to present an untruth as the truth. It can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle or a forgery, and can be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as politics, religion, science, art and literature.

A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period; as such they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution. These remain, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoamhropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for more than forty years. Finally in 1953, a chemical analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been skilfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to an orang-utan.

The author’s main point is that ……

• Various types of hoaxes have been perpetrated.

• Charles Dawson discovered a human skull and jawbone.

• Charles Dawson was not an honest man.

• The human skull and jawbone were extremely old.

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately concocted plan to present an untruth as the truth. It can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle or a forgery, and can be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as politics, religion, science, art and literature.

A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period; as such they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution. These remain, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoamhropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for more than forty years. Finally in 1953, a chemical analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been skilfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to an orang-utan.

The second paragraph includes……

• An illustration to support the ideas in the first paragraph.

• A counterargument to the ideas in the first paragraph.

• An analogy to the ideas in the first paragraph.

• A detailed definition of a hoax.

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are thin walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues.

The passage indicates that the ventricles......

• Have relatively thin walls.

• Send blood to the atria.

• Are above the atria

• Force blood into arteries.

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are thin walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues.

According to the passage, when is blood pushed into the arteries from the ventricles?

• As the heart beats

• Between heartbeats

• Before each contraction of the heart

• Before it is received by the atria

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are thin walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues.

According to the passage, which part of the heart gets blood from the body tissues and passes it on to the lungs?

• The atria

• The ventricles

• The right atrium and ventricle

• The left atrium and ventricle