Gestalt psychology started as a movement opposed to ____.

• structuralism

• behaviorism

• Wundt's approach

• Titchener's system

The Gestalt protest against Wundt's system focused on his ____.

• elementism

• denial of will

• notion of imageless thought

• use of introspection

The Gestalt school's major difference with behaviorists was over the ____.

• existence of the phi phenomenon

• utility of the concept of consciousness

• utility of the concept of perception

• experimental method

Which of the following statements indicates how Gestalt psychology and behaviorism treated the study of consciousness?

• Gestalt psychology rejected the existence of consciousness. Behaviorism accepted the study of consciousness and claimed it can be analyzed into stimulus-response associations.

• Both Gestalt psychology and behaviorism accepted the study of consciousness. However, Gestalt psychology did not believe that consciousness could be analyzed into mental elements whereas behaviorism accepted the possibility of analyzing consciousness into part processes.

• Both Gestalt psychology and behaviorism rejected the study of consciousness in psychology.

• Gestalt psychology accepted the study of consciousness but criticized the attempt to analyze it into elements. Behaviorism refused to acknowledge the existence of consciousness.

Gestalt psychologists believed that ____.

• less is more

• there is less to perception than meets the eye

• there is more to perception than meets the eye

• more is less

For the school of Gestalt psychology, "form" was ____.

• something that existed outside of sensation

• a creation of the mind

• dependent on the elements

• an artificial abstraction

The unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs is ____.

• mediate experience

• an unarticulated insight

• the phi phenomenon

• phenomenology

In what way was the phi phenomenon a challenge to Wundt’s system?

• The phi phenomenon could not be reduced to its basic elements.

• Specially trained observers proved that the empirical methods used to prove the phi phenomenon were more applicable to their perceptions than that of Wundt’s introspective method.

• Although it contradicted Wundt’s reductionistic theory, Wundt adequately demonstrated that the phenomenon could be reduced to basic elements.

• The phi phenomenon demonstrated the existence of consciousness in humans.

Concurrent with the rise of Gestalt psychology, the Zeitgeist in physics was embracing ____.

• positivism

• operationism

• phenomenology

• field theory

"Apparent movement" is another term for ____.

• Gestalt quälitaten

• existentialism

• extensity

• the phi phenomenon