In this approach, there is early reading of difficult texts which the students convert in their native language

• direct approach

• affective-humanistic

• grammar-translation

• comprehension-based

In this approach, reading comprehension is the only language skill emphasized. Only the grammar useful for reading comprehension is used.

• comprehension-based

• reading approach

• grammar translation

• communicative

In teacher Sharon's class, she widely employs activities that require students to transcribe a second language text into their native language and vice versa.

• Direct Approach

• Audiolingualism

• Comprehension-based

• Grammar-Translation

Teacher Nneka controls the vocabulary taught in her class first (base on frequency and usefulness for reading comprehension) before allowing the students to expand.

• reading approach

• comprehension-based

• audiolingualism

• oral-situational

In this approach, spoken language is primary. All language material is practiced orally on a given situation before being presented in other forms.

• audiolingualism

• oral-situational

• direct approach

• affective-humanistic

In teacher Nestor's class, new items are introduced and practiced situationally.

• oral-situational

• grammar-translation

• audiolingualism

• direct approach

In this approach, learning a foreign language is viewed as a self-realization process. Hence, communication that is meaningful to the learner is emphasized.

• communicative approach

• comprehension-based

• oral-situational

• affective-humanistic

Teacher Otep views class atmosphere as more important than materials or methods. In his class, respect is emphasized for the individual and his or her feelings.

• affective-humanistic

• comprehension-based

• communicative

• cognitive approach

This approach views language first and foremost as a system for communication. It assumes that the goal of language teaching is the ability of learner to communicate in the target language.

• comprehension-based

• direct approach

• grammar-translation

• communicative approach

Teacher Marvin makes sure that his students acquire not only linguistic competence, but also sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence.

• audioligualism

• direct approach

• Communicative

• comprehension-based