SACE Stage 2 - Biology Topic 4 (Evolution)

The diagram below shows the percentage similarity in the DNA sequences of a chimpanzee and five closely related primate species.

Which primate species is most closely related to the chimpanzee?

• Old world monkey

• Gorilla

• Human

• Gibbon

Natural selection is a process that results in evolution. Which one of the following statements about natural selection is incorrect?

Natural selection:

• Occurs in stable environmental conditions

• Increases the frequency of favourable alleles in a gene pool

• Increases the number of new alleles in a gene pool

• Decreases the frequency of unfavourable alleles in a gene pool

The following data shows the presence of four enzymes across three species. Which of thee following phylogenetic trees best presents this data?

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Based on the phylogenetic tree above, which two species are most closely related?

• Alpaca and blue whale

• Wild boar and angus cattle

• Angus cattle and white-tailed deer

• Pygmy hippopotamus and white-tailed deer

Refer to the following graph, which shows the percentage of similarity for four types of primate DNA compared with human DNA:

*Hu = human being

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What provides evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

• Mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotic cells

• 70S ribosommes in prokaryotic cells

• Gene transfer from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells using plasmids

• Prokaryotic cells (Escherichia coli) in the large intestine digest proteins

The Western sunflower (Helianthus anomalus) shown below is a hybrid produced between 60,000 and 200,000 years ago by two other sunflower species, Helianthus annuus and Helianthus petiolaris, that share a habitat. Which one of the following processes gave rise to Helianthus anomalus?

• Genetic drift

• Convergent evolution

• Allopatric speciation

• Sympatric speciation

The diagram shows the evolution of the modern horse. A drier climate led to a shift from forests to grasslands around 30 million years ago. The change in climate is reflected in the bones of the forefoot. Browsers had shorter legs adapted for browsing on the forest floor, whereas grazers had legs adapted for running on open grassland. Which of the following processes was most influential in driving the evolution of the horse?

• Natural selection

• Genetic drift

• Convergent evolution

• Succession

The diagram illustrates primary succession in a temperature climate. X represents an example of deflected succession. Which of the following is not a factor that would cause X?

• Bushfire

• Addition of herbicide

• Grazing by herbivores

• Introduction of carnivorous species

The cladogram shows several members of the Felidae family. Name the two species that evolved most recently.