Review 1 (1491-1763)

Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by

• the spread of corn cultivation

• ravages of smallpox epidemics

• regular contacts with Africa

• invention of the spoked wheel

Which of the following was an outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

• The life expectancy of Native Americans increased

• Horses and smallpox were introduced in Europe

• Sugar and rice were introduced in Africa

• The diets of Europeans improved

The encomienda and slavery systems both contributed to which of the following developments?

• The Spanish colonies developed a social hierarchy based on economic status rather than on racial categories

• The Spanish colonies experienced intermingling between European and Native American populations to such an extent that racial categories ceased to be recognized.

• Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans were all integrated into Spanish colonial society on an equal basis

• The Spanish developed a race-based caste system that defined the status of Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed race in their colonies.

Most archaeologists and historians believe that the first peoples who colonized the Americas came from

• Asia

• Africa

• Europe

• Australia

The most important factor that enabled the Spanish to conquer native peoples in Mexico and New Spain in the sixteenth century was the

• introduction of cattle and pigs, which disrupted native patterns of agriculture

• introduction of European diseases to which native peoples were not resistant

• introduction of Christianity, which weakened the solidarity of native peoples

• superior horsemanship displayed by the Spanish conquistadores

Bacon’s Rebellion occurred because of disagreements between frontier settlers and the Virginia governor over which of the following issues?

• Relations with American Indians

• An increase in taxes to subsidize the slave trade and support internal improvements

• The assignment of Anglican ministers to new settlements

• Currency disputes resulting from English demands that settlers end the use of barter

Settlers who established the British colony in Virginia during the seventeenth century were primarily seeking to

• recreate an Old World feudalistic society in the New World

• create a perfect religious commonwealth as an example to the rest of the world

• create a refuge for political dissidents

• profit economically

In which of the following British North American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700’s?

• Southern colonies only

• Middle and Southern colonies only

• tobacco and rice growing colonies only

• all the colonies

In the seventeenth century, the earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by

• the introduction of price controls on agricultural commodities

• the introduction of tobacco cultivation

• formal trade treaties with American Indians

• the extension of the western frontiers

Colonists from which of the following European nations generally had the most cooperative relations with American Indians?

• England

• France

• Spain

• Portugal