Chapters 1-2

A verifiable proposition or a tentative statement that clearly explains the relationship between two variables about how the social world operates.

Uses concepts from theories. The researcher finds a variable in the study that corresponds to the concept as it was used in the theory from which it was taken.

Explains its relevance and contribution to the field. It must be explained as clearly as possible so that readers will understand the necessity to pursue the research. It must explicitly state the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge about the subject matter i.e., the study adds new knowledge to the existing scholarly literature on the topic, fills up the gaps in the existing knowledge, and confirms or contradicts a theory, a concept, or methodology.

The application of a theory or theories in explaining the existence of a phenomenon and the interrelationship of various factors which led to the existence of the phenomenon. Using this framework, the researcher borrows the concepts, theories, and ideas proposed by different social scientists, theorists, and philosophers.

It is an issue that leads to the need for a study. It is the central idea of the study. It also serves as the main reason why research is being undertaken.

Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in research writing. Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper.

Giving clear definitions so that readers may understand and avoid misinterpretation

It define the extent and focus of the research. It refers to the specific topics or coverage of the research. The geographic location should be clearly explained, the unit of analysis, or the people or population to be studied, the time period of the research, and the questions that will be answered by the study. On the other hand, the topics that will not be looked into the study will also serve as a clear guide of the limits and conditions of the research.

The American Psychological Association (APA) style uses the in-text citation. This contains the surname of the author, the publication year of the source, and the specific pages where the information can be found. It is written at the end of the sentence.

Example: According to a study, 60% of the people in the community smoke (Sean, 2014, p.60). Example 2: According to Sean (2014), 60% of the people in the community smoke.

A written summary of published research studies and relevant works about a particular subject matter that is related to the researcher's main topic.