Cultural Origins of behavior and cognition

This dimension is a measure of the extent to which the less-powerful members of a group accept and expect that power will be distributed unevenly.

• Individualism vs. collectivism

• Power distance index

• Indulgence versus restraint

• Uncertainty avoidance index

This dimension was added in 2010 and it measures the extent to which a culture allows relatively open access to the enjoyment of natural human drives.

• Individualism vs. collectivism

• Long-term vs. short-term orientation

• Indulgence vs. restraint

• Masculinity vs. feminity

In this dimension, "masculine" values include achievement, autonomy, and competitiveness while "feminine" values include caring, cooperation, and compassion.

• Indulgence vs. restraint

• Long-term vs. short-term orientation

• Uncertainty avoidance index

• Masculinity vs. femininity

This dimension measures the extent to which a culture is comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty.

• Long-term vs. short-term orientation

• Uncertainty avoidance index

• Indulgence vs. restraint

• Individualism vs. collectivism

This dimension is based on the idea that cultures do not experience time in the same way.

• Individualism vs. collectivism

• Indulgence vs. restraint

• Long-term vs. short-term orientation

• Power distance index

Personal identity is understood as a choice while people are viewed as unique; and personal autonomy, competitiveness, and self-sufficiency are highly valued.

• Individualism vs. collectivism

• Power distance index

• Uncertainty avoidance index

• Indulgence vs. restraint

This approach means that cultural practices and beliefs are examined as if from above or outside the culture.

• emic

• etic

• Hofstede

• Horizontal individualism

In this approach, anthropologists prioritize trying to understand a culture from within.

• culture

• etic

• PDI

• emic

Geert (a)   attempted to simplify and standardize cross-cultural analysis. His research included more than 70 countries.

Cultures with a strong (high) ratings on this index exhibit intolerance for ideas and behaviors that are unconventional and they avoid risk-taking behavior.

• Power distance index

• Uncertainty avoidance index

• Dow Jones & Company indices

• Standard & Poor's indices