Cells tend to be small, with sizes ranging between 1 and 100 mm. These small sizes help to ensure that cells have a favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio. Choose the statement that explains why a favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio is advantageous.

• Higher surface-area-to-volume ratios improve the efficiency of transporting materials in and out of cells.

• lower surface-are-to-volume ratios improve the efficiency if transporting materials in and out of cells

• higher surface-are-to-volume ratios speed up the flow of cytoplasm within cells

• higher surface-are-to-volume ratios slow down the flow of cytoplasm within cells

The Endosymbiotic Theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved when an ancient cell engulfed another, forming a permanent symbiotic relationship. Choose the evidence that best justifies this claim.

• both mitochondria and chloroplasts perform energy functions

• eukaryotic cells have many mitochondria

• eukaryotic cells have traits in common with archaea

• mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular loops of unique DNA

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The evolutionary history of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells has been intensely studied. Which statement would best justify the claim that ribosomes are one of the most ancient of all cellular organelles?

• Ribosomes are directly involved in vital energy processes.

• Some ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

• Ribosomes are found in all cell types in organisms from all 3 domains.

• Ribosomes in eukaryotes are made of r-RNA, but in prokaryotes they are made of t-RNA

Eukaryotic cells possess an extensive endomembrane system. The extensive use of internal membranes gives eukaryotic cells certain useful advantages not seen in prokaryotic cells. Choose the example that correctly describes one of these advantages.

• Nucleic acids can feely mingle with cytoplasmic enzymes

• Lysosomes can maintain a much lower pH than the surrounding cytosol

• Endoplasmic reticulum is prevented from forming vesicles

• Surface area available for chemical reactions is greatly decreased.

The liver is an organ with many functions. For example, it plays a major role in the breakdown of fats in the body. Choose the organelle that would most likely be abundant in liver cells that break down fats.

• Lysosome

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Peroxisome

• Ribosomes

Actin is a globular protein that forms filaments in many different cells. A disorder that disabled actin filaments would most likely reduce what type of cellular activity?

• glucose synthesis

• movement

• protein synthesis

• digestion of waste material

The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are prominent components of the endomembrane system. While the two structures have similarities in appearance, they have slightly different functions. Select and example that describes a difference between ER and Golgi:

• The ER may add sugars to proteins to make glycoproteins, while the Golgi may modify that glycoprotein.

• the ER contains ribosomes and is never smooth, while the Golgi is always smooth

• the ER consists of channels, while the Golgi consists of saccules

• the ER is found in animals cells, while the Golgi is found in plant cells.

Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. Identify which statement most accurately identifies the function of the mitochondrion.

• they make energy needed for all cellular functions

• they transform electromagnetic energy into chemical energy

• they make ATP molecules as a part of cellular respiration

• they organize the electrical energy found in certain molecules

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Which organelle is labeled at #3

• Nucleus

• Nucleolus

• Mitochondria

• Lysosome

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Which organelle is located at #11?

• Cytoplasm

• Plasma Membrane

• Cell wall

• Nucleoplasm

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