Cell Differentiation LOW Intervention

While all of the cells in an individual are derived from a single cell, they can differentiate to take on many different types of structure and function. Cells can become specialized because –

• mutations can alter the molecular structure of cell membranes

• each cell expresses a different combination of genes

• scientists have discovered how to alter the DNA sequences of humans

• different cells utilize various forms of RNA nucleotides

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The cells within a multicellular organism contain the same set of DNA, but two cells might produce a very different set of proteins. How is this possible?

• Cells can have different sets of mRNA molecules because different genes are expressed

• Different cells produce different proteins based on the amino acids they can absorb

• Ribosomes translate mRNA strands differently depending on the type of cell they are in

• Viral infections can alter the way eukaryotic cells translate their genes into proteins.

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Stem cells can replace specialized cells within damaged tissue. Once they are in place, stem cells receive chemical signals which activate the appropriate set of genes. This demonstrates that which of the following plays a role in cell differentiation?

• radiation

• environment

• antibodies

• blood type

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Bone cells are different than brain cells because bone cells –

• do not undergo cell division

• cannot maintain homeostasis

• contain charged ions

• express different genes

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The diagram shows how specialized body cells can develop.

Which of the following best explains why cells that contain the same genetic material do not develop into the same types of cells?

• Because internal and external stimuli can trigger the activation of specific genes in the DNA of cells

• Because random mutations can occur in the DNA of cells during early embryonic development

• Because messenger RNA is converted to transfer RNA when cell differentiation begins

• Because chemical signals that are released during the cell cycle can result in the linking of similar genes

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As a fertilized egg divides, the cells differentiate because they —

• contain a lipid bilayer

• can clump together

• metabolize sugars rapidly

• have specific genes activated