Unit 1 Basic Chemistry & Water - LM2: Chemistry Basics

The figure shows the structure of 5 different atoms (A, B, C, D, E). What is the maximum number of electrons in the innermost shell?

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NGSS.HS-PS1-1

The figure shows the structure of 5 different atoms (A, B, C, D, E). What evidence suggests that electrons are found as pairs in shared orbits when comparing atom A to atom E?

• Both atoms have electrons arranged in pairs within the same orbit.

• Atom A has more electrons than atom E.

• Atom E has no electrons in its outer orbit.

• Electrons are only found in single orbits in both atoms.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-1

NGSS.HS-PS1-2

The figure shows the structure of 5 different atoms (A, B, C, D, E). Atom A is a neutral atom. Predict the number of protons in the nucleus.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-1

The figure shows the structure of 5 different atoms (A, B, C, D, E). Atom E is an ion with a -1 charge. Predict the number of protons in the nucleus.

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Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-1

Construct stable biological molecules with the atoms: C, H, O, N, S, and P through intramolecular covalent bonds, and distinguish between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds.

• Stable biological molecules can be constructed using C, H, O, N, S, and P atoms through intramolecular covalent bonds, and polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons while nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.

• Stable biological molecules can only be constructed using C, H, and O atoms, and all covalent bonds are nonpolar.

• Stable biological molecules require only ionic bonds between C, H, O, N, S, and P atoms.

• Stable biological molecules cannot be constructed with S and P atoms, and all covalent bonds are polar.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

NGSS.HS-PS1-2

A polar molecule can form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules because:

• the partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to the partially negative atom of another molecule

• the nonpolar region of the molecule interacts with other nonpolar molecules

• the entire molecule is neutral and does not interact with other molecules

• the electrons are shared equally between atoms

The bonding versatility of carbon helps to form different shapes of molecules in cells because:

• carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of molecular structures

• carbon can only form single bonds, limiting molecular shapes

• carbon cannot bond with other elements

• carbon forms only linear molecules

Identify the different molecular shapes made by each of the following: CH4, C2H6, and C2H4.

• CH4 is tetrahedral, C2H6 is tetrahedral, C2H4 is planar

• CH4 is linear, C2H6 is bent, C2H4 is trigonal pyramidal

• CH4 is trigonal planar, C2H6 is linear, C2H4 is tetrahedral

• CH4 is bent, C2H6 is planar, C2H4 is linear

Identify the diagram that correctly shows the structure of water molecules, their polarity, and hydrogen bond formation between them.

• A diagram showing H2O molecules with partial charges (δ+ on H, δ- on O) and dotted lines representing hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of one molecule and the hydrogen of another.

• A diagram showing H2O molecules with no charges and no bonds between them.

• A diagram showing H2O molecules with only covalent bonds and no indication of polarity or hydrogen bonding.

• A diagram showing H2O molecules with negative charges on hydrogen and positive charges on oxygen, and no bonds between molecules.

Tags

NGSS.HS-ESS2-5

Which of the following molecules is capable of forming hydrogen bonds and can be represented with dotted lines indicating the hydrogen bonds?

• Water (H₂O)

• Methane (CH₄)

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Ethene (C₂H₄)