Chapter 12 Review

1. What change happened in Europe as a result of Gutenberg’s innovation?

• Far more books became readily available.

• Processing metal became far more efficient.

• Scholarship became concentrated in monasteries.

• Latin became the common language of the people.

The destruction of feudalism and the growth of urban workshops resulted in part from changes in population caused by

• new church policies.

• new foods from America.

• the bubonic plague.

• the decline of universities.

Money to support the arts in Renaissance Italy came primarily from

• industry

• commerce.

• agriculture

• construction

The Renaissance artist most famous for his painting the “Mona Lisa” was

• Michelangelo.

• Bruegel.

• Leonardo da Vinci.

• Raphael.

Humanist writers such as Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio emphasized

• disbelief in a deity.

• the beauty of nature.

• scientific understanding.

• the worth of the individual.

6. Indulgences were considered a sign of church corruption because they were

• privileges given to priests.

• pardons that people could buy.

• violations of the vow of poverty.

• arguments against church teachings.

Which reformer said that any Christian could read the Bible and understand God’s message?

• Martin Luther

• John Calvin

• King Henry VIII

• Desiderius Erasmus

The Council of Trent was part of the

• Reformation.

• Scientific Revolution.

• Renaissance.

• Counter-Reformation.

When sea voyages began to require sailing out of sight of land, this encouraged a growing interest in

• chemistry of salt water.

• biology for deep-sea fishing.

• astronomy for navigation.

• physics of ocean currents.

Galileo Galilei added support for the heliocentric theory by

• making mathematical calculations.

• retracting his views under pressure.

• observing the sky through a telescope.

• formulating laws of gravity and motion.