A period of lawlessness and disunity followed the fall of the Roman Empire. What served as the only unifying force in Europe?

• Emperor of Rome

• Roman Legions

• Christian Church

• Localized Kings

Who was crowned first Holy roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 A.D.?

• Leo V

• Gregory II

• Charlemagne

• Pepin the Short

What was the major economic and social structure in medieval Europe?

• pastoralism

• syndicalism

• feudalism

• industrialism

What is the most accurate description of the basic relationships under feudalism?

• Monarchs granted land to serfs, who farmed it and protected the lords who administered the food supply.

• Lords granted land to serfs, who farmed it and protected the monarch, who supplied food to the lords.

• Monarchs granted land to local lords, who administered it and protected serfs, who farmed it.

• Serfs protected the monarch, who granted them land in return for feeding the lords.

Who held the lowest social position on an estate in medieval Europe?

• a lord

• a vassal

• a serf

• a knight

Who held the highest social position on an estate in medieval Europe?

• a lord

• a vassal

• a serf

• a knight

What group founded a large empire in Western Europe in the 8th century?

• the Goths

• the Vandals

• the Franks

• the Romans

What ultimately strengthened the feudal system?

• barbarian invasions

• rise of towns

• rise of trade

• increased independence

The Crusades were meant to free the city of ______________ from Muslim control

• Alexandria

• Jerusalem

• Beijing

• Athens

Which was a result of the Crusades?

• increased desire for eastern goods

• strengthened the Pope

• increased cooperation between Muslims and Christians

• weakened European monarchs