A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

• an unconditioned stimulus

• a conditioned stimulus

• a neutral stimulus

• a conditioned reinforcer

• a primary reinforcer

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following?

• A classically conditioned response

• An unconditioned stimulus

• An unconditioned response

• A discriminative stimulus

• An operant response

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog’s tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog’s tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates

• positive punishment

• extinction

• negative punishment

• negative reinforcement

• positive reinforcement

A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is

• a conditioned stimulus

• a negative reinforcer

• an unconditioned response

• an unconditioned stimulus

• a conditioned response

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?

• Variable-ratio

• Fixed-interval

• Fixed-ratio

• Variable-interval

• Continuous

According to social learning theory, aggression is the result of which of the following?

• Displacement

• Modeling

• Catharsis

• Postconventional thought

• The death instinct

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when

• a different kind of food is presented without a tone

• a different tone is presented with the food

• the food and tone are presented together

• the food only is presented

• the tone only is presented

An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been

• satiated

• suppressed

• repressed

• punished

• extinguished

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

• outcomes

• effect

• punishment

• associations

• reinforcement

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

• When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.

• The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

• The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength.

• The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS.

• The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli.