This is a technique used to make soft transitions between values and/or colors. These transitions do NOT have to be in a scale or any particular order.

• blend

• cast shadow

• contour lines

• core shadow

• cross-contour lines

A shadow cast by an object or figure in a painting or other picture.

• blend

• cast shadow

• contour lines

• core shadow

• cross-contour lines

Lines that define the edges, ridges, or outline of a shape or form (outline).

• gradation

• cast shadow

• contour lines

• core shadow

• cross-contour lines

The dark band visible where light and shadow meet. It is the point at which light can no longer reach the form to illuminate it. It is the darkest area of the shadow on the shape (the "form shadow") because it is least affected by reflected light.

• gradation

• cast shadow

• highlights

• core shadow

• cross-contour lines

Lines that define the surface movement of a shape or form.

• gradation

• mid value

• highlights

• core shadow

• cross-contour lines

A gradual darkening from light to dark, or lightening from dark to light.

• gradation

• mid value

• highlights

• stump

• cross-contour lines

The lightest spot or area (as in a painting); any of several spots in a drawing or painting that receives the greatest amount of illumination.

• gradation

• mid value

• highlights

• stump

• cross-contour lines

The value halfway between these the lightest and darkest extremes is called middle gray.

• value

• mid value

• highlights

• stump

• texture

Soft, tightly wound grey paper that is used for blending all types of dry media such as pastel, charcoal, graphite, conte, and chalk. The sticks of paper can be sharpened at both ends with either sand paper or a pencil sharpener.

• color

• line

• value

• stump

• texture

An element of art/design. The surface quality in a work of art; the way the art looks or feels.

• value

• line

• color

• stump

• texture