Reduced adverb cause-effect clauses

Because Jim doesn’t like to drive, he always flies between Denver and Vail.

• Because not liking to drive, Jim always...

• Not liking to drive, Jim always...

• Jim not liking to drive, he always...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Wendy is walking with crutches because she broke her leg skiing last weekend.

• Having broken her leg skiing last weekend, Wendy is...

• Breaking her leg skiing last weekend, she is...

• Wendy is walking on crutches because breaking her leg skiing last weekend.

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because Sam didn’t want to worry his elderly mother, he didn’t tell her his son was in the hospital.

• Wanting to not worry his mother, Sam didn't...

• Not wanting to worry his elderly mother, Sam didn't...

• Not wanting to worry Sam's elderly mother, he didn't...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Since Rick is forgetful, he always writes Post-It notes to himself on the bathroom mirror.

• Is forgetful, Rick always writes...

• Since being forgetful, Rick always writes...

• Being forgetful, Rick always writes...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because carbon fiber is very strong and light, it is being used on most new jet airplanes.

• Very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

• Being very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

• Because very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because I burped loudly during the dinner with my wife’s parents last month, they haven’t invited us back.

• Burping loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...

• Having burped loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...

• Because burping loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because Gail was concentrating on writing her new novel, she lost track of time and worked all through the night.

• Concentrating on writing her new novel, Gail lost...

• Having concentrated on writing her new novel, Gail lost...

• Concentrating on writing Gail's new novel, she lost...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because little kids don’t have adult responsibilities, they sometimes think adults are no fun.

• Little kids not having adult responsibilities, they sometimes...

• Not having adult responsibilities, little kids sometimes...

• Having not adult responsiblities, little kids sometimes...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Since Dr. Ross is a medical doctor and a lawyer, he receives lots of job offers from both medical companies and law firms.

• Since being a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

• Having been a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

• Being a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

• NO - cannot be reduced

Because Kenichi crashed his car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.

• Because crashing his car last month, Kenichi's sister...

• Crashing Kenichi's car last month, his sister...

• NO - cannot be reduced