Philosophy of Science

"The problem of _________ arises from the fact that something universal cannot be affirmed on the basis of the particular data offered by experience. No matter how many millions of black crows are seen, it will not be possible to affirm, "all crows are black". On the other hand, it is enough to find a single raven that is not black to be able to affirm: "Not all crows are black". That's why Popper introduces falsacionism as a criterion for __________________."

• induction - scientific demarcation

• verificationism- theoretical systems

• scientific rationality- beliefs

• consensus - paradigm

• commitments - axioms

Popper actually rejects _____________ as a method of validating theories. His central thesis is that there can be no ultimate scientific statements, that is, statements that cannot be contrasted or refuted from experience. Experience remains the distinctive method that characterizes empirical science and distinguishes it from other __________________ .

• induction - scientific demarcation

• verificationism- theoretical systems

• scientific rationality- beliefs

• consensus - paradigm

• commitments - axioms

For Popper there are neither unquestionable starting points nor does ______________ require them. The question of truth is therefore a question of the method of searching for it and the method of recognizing falsehood. Although science is inductive in the first instance, the most important aspect is the deductive part. Science is characterized by being rational, and rationality resides in the process by which we submit to criticism and replace, or not, our ________.

• induction - scientific demarcation

• verificationism- theoretical systems

• scientific rationality- beliefs

• consensus - paradigm

• commitments - axioms

According to Kuhn, the sciences do not progress following a uniform process by the application of a hypothetical scientific method. They are verified in two different phases of scientific development. At first, there is a broad _________ in the scientific community on how to exploit the advances made in the past in the face of existing problems, thus creating universal solutions that Kuhn called ____________

• induction - scientific demarcation

• verificationism- theoretical systems

• scientific rationality- beliefs

• consensus - paradigm

• commitments - axioms

The term "paradigm" refers to all the _____________ shared by a community of scientists. On the one hand, the theoretical, ontological, and belief communities and, on the other hand, those that refer to the application of theory and problem-solving models. Paradigms are therefore more than a set of ___________.

• induction - scientific demarcation

• verificationism- theoretical systems

• scientific rationality- beliefs

• consensus - paradigm

• commitments - axioms