Unit 5 Exam Review (CED Unit 7)

Undersea landslides can disrupt marine habitats by burying organisms that live on the ocean floor. The graph above shows the size of a population of a certain organism that lives on the ocean floor. The population was affected by a recent landslide at the time indicated on the graph. Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide?

• The surviving organisms will evolve into a new species.

• The reduced population will likely have allelic frequencies that are different from the initial population.

• The population will adapt to deeper waters to avoid future landslides.

• The reduced population will have a greater number of different genes than the initial population.

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Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (-) of five derived traits in several different species are shown in the table below.

Which of the following cladograms provides the simplest and most accurate representation of the data in the table?

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The divergence between the two populations of Rhagoletis must have occurred very rapidly because

• the apple tree was imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago

• flies were imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago

• long-distance rail transport of fruit increased only after the American Civil War (1861–1865)

• heavy use of gunpowder during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to increased mutation rates in many natural populations of plants and animals

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The divergence between the two populations of Rhagoletis must have occurred very rapidly because

• the apple tree was imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago

• flies were imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago

• long-distance rail transport of fruit increased only after the American Civil War (1861–1865)

• heavy use of gunpowder during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to increased mutation rates in many natural populations of plants and animals

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Initially, which of the following isolating mechanisms is likely to have been the most important in preventing gene flow between the two populations of Rhagoletis?

• Gamete incompatibility

• Temporal isolation

• Mechanical isolation

• Reduced hybrid viability

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Matings between individuals from the two populations of Rhagoletis produce hybrid flies that appear to be healthy and have normal life spans. The eggs laid by these hybrid flies, however, hatch less often than those of flies from either of the two populations. What isolating mechanism seems to be important in this hybrid population?

• Prezygotic isolation

• Mechanical isolation

• Reduced hybrid fertility

• Habitat isolation

A group of mice was released into a large field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after the release, a representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was observed and recorded. The mice were then returned to the field. After twenty years, another representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was again recorded. Which of the following best explains the change in the frequency distribution of fur color phenotypes in the mouse population, as shown in the figures above?

• The allele for gray fur color is unstable, and over twenty years most of those alleles mutated to become alleles for black fur.

• The field was composed primarily of light-colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators.

• Sexual selection led to increased mating frequency of black and brown versus gray and brown.

• The gray mice were hardest to capture and so were underrepresented in the twenty-year sample.

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Scientists have found that the existing populations of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and separated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of the amphibians?

• Cloning the largest individuals to counteract the effects of aggressive predation

• Reducing the population size by one-fifth to decrease competition for limited resources

• Constructing a dam and irrigation system to control flooding

• Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated populations

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To determine the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, scientists gather evidence from a wide variety of sources including paleontology, embryology, morphology, behavior, and molecular biology. A phylogenetic tree of vertebrates is shown.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the phylogenetic tree shown?

• Birds and turtles evolved their own means of gas exchange independently of the other vertebrates.

• Mammals are most closely related to birds because they share a direct common ancestor.

• The common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals produced amniotic eggs.

• Crocodiles are direct descendents of ray-finned fishes since they live in the same environment.

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The data below demonstrate the frequency of tasters and nontasters of a certain compound in four isolated populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele for nontasters is recessive. In which population is the frequency of the recessive allele highest?

• A

• B

• C

• D

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