AP Statistics - Unit 1 - Collecting Data 2025

_________ is a sample in which each individual or object in the entire population has an equal chance of being selected.

• Sample
• Population
• Random Sample
• Quartile

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CCSS.7.SP.A.1

Kim surveys 100 moviegoers that entered the movie theater in the first hour.  What type of sampling method is this?

• Random
• Convenience
• Systematic

• Voluntary Response

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

A controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships by assigning subjects to groups and deciding which treatments each group receives is called a(n) _______.

• survey

• observational study

• experiment

• sampling method

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

A large company wants to conduct a survey to determine the proportion of its male employees who practice yoga on a daily basis. Two of its regional offices are chosen at random and all of the male employees at each office are surveyed. The plan is an example of which type of sampling?

• Cluster

• Convenience

• Simple random

• Stratified random

• Systematic

Which of the following is a key distinction between well designed experiments and observational studies?

• More subjects are available for experiments than for observational studies.

• Ethical constraints prevent large-scale observational studies.

• Experiments are less costly to conduct than observational studies.

• When properly performed, an experiment can show a direct cause-and-effect relationship, whereas an observational study cannot.

• Tests of significance cannot be used on data collected from an observational study.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

A local TV station wants to gauge public opinion on a proposed sales tax increase. During the evening news, the following prompt appears on the screen: "Are you in favor of the proposed tax increase that will be used to improve our crumbling downtown sidewalks and streets?" Viewers are invited to text "YES" or "NO" to a specific number.

This sampling method is likely to produce biased results for all of the following reasons except:

• The phrasing of the question incorporates wording bias by using descriptive language to influence the respondent.

• The method relies on voluntary response, which often over-represents individuals with strong opinions.

• The survey results will suffer from undercoverage because it excludes citizens who do not watch the local news.

• The survey design utilizes a stratified random sample, which may not represent the entire population's proportions accurately.

• The data may be affected by nonresponse bias if the people who choose to text differ fundamentally in opinion from those who see the prompt but ignore it.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

A student reporter at a large high school wants to estimate the proportion of the entire student body that is satisfied with the new cafeteria menu. For 20 minutes during lunch, the reporter stands outside the cafeteria exit. As students leave, the reporter rolls a die; if it lands on a 6, the student is selected to be interviewed. Of the students surveyed, 23% reported being "happy" with the new menu.

Which of the following statements are true regarding this study? Select ALL that apply.

• The study is a controlled experiment because a randomizing device (the die) was used to determine which subjects were interviewed.

• The 23% is a biased estimate of the school-wide population proportion because the sampling frame excludes students who do not eat in the cafeteria.

• The sampling method is a form of convenience sampling, which likely leads to undercoverage of students who pack their own lunch or leave campus.

• Because a random process (the die) was used to select individuals, the results can be safely generalized to the entire student body.

• The results may be subject to selection bias, as students who choose to eat the cafeteria food are more likely to have a favorable opinion of it than those who avoid it

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

To check the effect of hot temperatures on the elasticity of two brands of rubber bands, one box of Brand A and one box of Brand B rubber bands are tested. Ten bands from the Brand A box are placed in a warm car in the sun for two hours and ten bands from the Brand B box are kept at room temperature. The amount of stretch before the breakage is measured on each rubber band, and the mean for the hot bands is compared to the mean for the others. Is this a good experimental design?

• No, because the means are not proper statistics for comparison.

• No, because more than two brands should be used.

• No, because more temperatures should be used.

• No, because temperature is confounded with brand.

• Yes

• a

• b

• c

• d

• e

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

CCSS.HSS.IC.A.1

CCSS.HSS.IC.B.4

• by blocking on car type

• by blocking on oil type

• by blocking on engine life

• by blocking on engine size

• without blocking

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

CCSS.HSS.IC.B.5

CCSS.HSS.ID.C.9