Ch. 17: Revolutions of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Which of the following explains why industrialization first occurred in Europe?

• European rulers fostered unusually close alliances with their merchant classes.

• Europe had an unchallenged economic advantage over all other regions by 1750.

• Europe possessed a unique capacity for technological innovation.

• Europe was the only region that had commercialized economies in 1750.

Which of the following reflects an explanation for Europe’s Industrial Revolution that most historians criticize as Eurocentric and deterministic?

• By the eighteenth century, the most advanced regions in the world enjoyed global economic parity.

• Unique features of European society, economy, or history gave it a long-term advantage and head start in industrializing.

• Technological creativity outside Europe had slowed down considerably or stagnated by the early modern era.

• Industrial techniques that originated in Britain spread around the world with little innovation elsewhere.

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to industrialize?

• Lack of oil deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.

• A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency.

• Britain had a ready supply of coal and iron ore, the resources that fueled industrialization.

• The British government directed and financed every aspect of the country’s industrialization.

How did the working-class movement in Britain differ from the one in Russia?

• It advocated class struggle and revolution to overthrow capitalism.

• It faced a more hostile and autocratic state and never influenced politics.

• It was more committed to the ideas and program of Marxism.

• It advocated a reformist program and a peaceful transition to socialism.

Which of the following was a reason for the failure of socialism to take root in the United States?

• The lack of class consciousness among workers in the United States

• The homogenous nature of the American population

• The availability of cheap land and high rates of homeownership

• The absence of labor unions in the United States

Which of the following describes how the movement toward industrialization in the nineteenth century affected Latin America?

• Latin America provided the food products, raw materials, and markets for industrializing countries.

• The commercial activities of private entrepreneurs in Latin America financed the region’s industrialization.

• Governments in Latin America encouraged manufacturing industries through state subsidies and tax breaks.

• Latin America exported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods to the United States and Europe.

Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution?

• An increase in production in mining, manufacturing, and services

• The dominance and expansion of agriculture in the economic sector

• The closing of the economic gap between rich and poor countries

• The decline of the middle class and the rise of the working class

Which of the following made global migration an appealing option for many Europeans during the nineteenth century?

• The appeal of socialist ideas

• The demand for labor overseas

• The search for a utopian society

• The commitment to revolution

Which of the following describes a feature of Karl Marx’s vision of the society he predicted would emerge after the collapse of capitalism?

• A society controlled by a totalitarian state

• A society run by the captains of industry

• A society without classes and conflict

• A society made up only of the middle class

Which of the following is a phrase that has been used to describe the form of economic growth in Latin America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

• Socialist development

• Market-driven industrialization

• Dependent development

• Industrial capitalism