7th Early Modern Europe

The sale of indulgences began during the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. Because Crusaders risked dying far from home without a priest to administer last rites, they were promised salvation if they died while fighting to free the Christian holy city at Jerusalem from Islamic control. Church leaders said that “good works” earned salvation and making Jerusalem accessible to Christians was an example of a good work. Over time, church leaders decided that paying money to support good works was an acceptable substitute for performing good works, and it made salvation possible for people who were physically unable to fight in a Crusade.

What was Martin Luther's response to the doctrine of "good works" described in the passage?

• Luther accepted the idea of good works but rejected indulgences.

• Luther called for more opportunities for good works.

• Luther thought that good works could be a path to salvation.

• Luther said that faith alone could grant salvation, not good works.

During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther believed the true beliefs of Christianity could be found

• through the infallible Pope.

• in the traditions of the church.

• through the church's teachers.

• in the Holy Bible itself.

By the 16th century, the Roman Catholic Church was charging people numerous fees, dues, taxes, tithes, and payments to support clergymen and to fund building projects. What would happen to people who refused or were unable to pay these fees to the church?

• They would be sentenced to prison.

• The church would refuse them the sacraments.

• The church would take their personal property.

• They would lose their citizenship.

Martin Luther most likely started the Protestant Reformation in response to

• the iconography debate.

• the buying and selling of indulgences.

• the Faith Alone doctrine.

• the Church's policy on divorce.

Which of the following societal changes was an immediate result of the invention of the printing press?

• Educating young children became popular across Europe.

• Europeans attending theater doubled in the 16th century.

• The Catholic Church challenged the work of Galileo Galilei.

• The standardization of Modern English writing rules began.

For over 1000 years, Latin was the official language of Catholic Church. When Bibles became available in many different languages,

• the Catholic Church began to lose power in European countries.

• the Catholic Church began a crusade into Muslim nations.

• the Catholic Church started schools in many European countries.

• the Catholic Church made Italian its official language.

15th and 16th Century Changes in SocietyThe Bible is translated into many new languages.The Protestant Reformation spreads throughout Europe.The number of literate and educated people increases.The practice of medicine becomes more standardized.

Which of the following explains a contributing cause shared by all of these events?

• Nicholas Copernicus proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun in 1514.

• Christopher Columbus sailed to San Salvador Island in the Bahamas in 1492.

• Joan of Arc joined the Siege of Orleans in 1429.

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1439.

King Henry VIII of England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the early 1500s. He refused to recognize the pope's authority and formed his own church. His actions were a part of which event taking place in mainland Europe at the same time?

• the Protestant Reformation

• the Scientific Revolution

• the Italian Renaissance

• the Great Schism

John Calvin was a minister and an author during the Reformation. He believed in predestination. This belief means that

• people must do good works to get into heaven.

• God has already decided which people will get into heaven.

• God will allow most people to get into heaven.

• people must follow certain teachings to get into heaven.

One of the Jesuits main goals during the Counter-Reformation was to

• control the construction of new churches in Rome.

• reform the basic principles of the Catholic Church.

• control the election of new popes in Rome.

• advance the teachings of the Catholic Church.