AP Statistics - Chapter 4 - Experimental Design

_________ is a sample in which each individual or object in the entire population has an equal chance of being selected.

• Sample
• Population
• Random Sample
• Quartile

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Kim surveys 100 moviegoers that entered the movie theater in the first hour.  What type of sampling method is this?

• Random
• Convenience
• Biased

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A controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships by assigning subjects to groups and deciding which treatments each group receives

• survey

• observational study

• experiment

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A large company wants to conduct a survey to determine the proportion of its male employees who practice yoga on a daily basis. Two of its regional offices are chosen at random and all of the male employees at each office are surveyed. The plan is an example of which type of sampling?

• Cluster

• Convenience

• Simple random

• Stratified random

• Systematic

Which of the following is a key distinction between well designed experiments and observational studies?

• More subjects are available for experiments than for observational studies.

• Ethical constraints prevent large-scale observational studies.

• Experiments are less costly to conduct than observational studies.

• An experiment can show a direct cause-and-effect relationship, whereas an observational study cannot.

• Tests of significance cannot be used on data collected from an observational study.

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In a certain school, students can choose whether to eat in the school’s cafeteria. A reporter working for the school’s newspaper polled students on their reactions to changes in the menu at the cafeteria. For each student leaving the cafeteria in one 20-minute time period, the reporter used a die to determine whether to stop the student and ask how he or she felt about the new menu. In the reporter’s article it was stated that a random sample of the students showed that 23% of the school’s student population was happy with the new menu. Which of the following statements is true?

• Because each student leaving the cafeteria was randomly selected and could choose to answer or not, this is a random sample of the student population, and the 23% is an accurate measurement of the school population’s view of the new menu.

• Because students self-selected whether to eat in the cafeteria, the sampling method might be biased and the sample might not be representative of all students in the school.

• The survey would have been more effective if the reporter had collected the data in one 10-minute time period rather than in one 20-minute time period.

• The survey would have been more effective if students who cared about the food could have called the reporter to tell how they felt about the new menu, so that only students with opinions on the subject would have been surveyed.

• Because no treatment was imposed on the students eating in the cafeteria, one cannot make any conclusions about the new menu.

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• a

• b

• c

• d

• e

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• by blocking on car type

• by blocking on oil type

• by blocking on engine life

• by blocking on engine size

• without blocking

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• Have the subjects choose which spray they are willing to use for the 12-hour period.

• Assign the sprays to the subjects on the basis of their camping and hiking experience without randomization.

• Give the new spray to all subjects for a 12-hour period, then give the DEET spray to all subjects for a second 12-hour period.

• Randomly assign the subject to two groups, giving the new spray to one group and the DEET spray to the second group.

• Each subject uses a randomization device to select which spray to apply to the right side of their body. The other spray is then applied to the left side of their body.

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• A random sample of students will be chosen.

• Each student in the population belongs to only one stratum.

• The population of students will be divided into homogeneous groups by grade level.

• Proportional numbers of students could be selected from each grade level.

• Every possible subset of the population of students in the district has the same chance of being selected.

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