2025 sociology unit 2 Norms and Socialization

Norms are

• behavior or rules that are necessary for society to function

• unnecessary behaviors that do not benefit society at all

• Universal behaviors that all societies use cross culturally

• behavior or rules that are socially enforced and expected.

Values are

• standard of behavior that all cultures universally agreed are important

• standard by which members of a culture define what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable

• standard by which members of a culture decide which norms and mores to follow

• are usually essential to folkways because of their high moral importance

Sanctions are

• punishments that are used to discourage desired behavior

• rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior

• neither rewards or punishments but a means of enforcing social customs

• rewards that are used to encourage undesired behavior

Folkways are

• Norms that exhibit deep moral significance

• Norms that are practiced to reinforce our values

• Norms that lack moral significance

• Norms that are codified into law because of their universal moral significance

Culture is

• norms, symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of any society.

• the shared beliefs and values that all norms are based on in a society

• universal traits that all societies share and are the same in each society

• food, language, and customs practiced by people in each geographic country

Material Culture is

• ideas, knowledge, values, norms, and beliefs that influence people’s behavior.

• the concrete, tangible objects of a culture.

• the symbols people attach meaning to in a culture

• the actions people attach meaning to in a culture

Non-Material Culture is

• ideas, knowledge, values, norms, and beliefs that influence people’s behavior.

• the concrete, tangible objects of a culture.

• the actions people attach meaning to in a culture

• the symbols people attach meaning to in a culture

Ethnocentrism is

• Traits that exist in all cultures

• the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.

• ways in which a culture expresses universal traits.

• judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards.

Cultural Relativism is

• Traits that exist in all cultures

• the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.

• ways in which a culture expresses universal traits.

• judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards.

Epigenetics

• states that people are born biologically predisposed to be a certain way

• states that behavior is determined by our experiences in life

• states that behavior is influenced by both genetics and experiences (both nature and nurture are correct)

• states that all behavior and personality development is a result of socialization and genetics play no role