Past Modals for Possibility and Probability

Keiko did really well on the exams. She...

• must sudy a lot

• must studied a lot

• must have study a lot

• must have studied a lot

....a lot before you gave your speech. It was really good.

• You must have practiced

• You may have practiced

• You could have practiced

• You can't have practiced

...on time, even if I'd left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams all the way.

• I must have arrived

• I may have arrived

• I should have arrived

• I couldn't have arrived

...the exam if he'd studied a bit more.

• He must have passed

• He may have passed

• He couldn't have passed

• He can't have passed

Andrew..... to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead.

• must have gone

• could have gone

• should have gone

• can't have gone

When Lizzie got home yesterday there were flowers on the table. Her husband...

• must have bought them

• could have bought them

• coudn't have bought them

• cant't have bought them

Oh no, I don't have my keys! I...

• can't have left them in the taxi

• couldn't have left them in the taxi

• may have left them in the taxi

• must have left them in the taxi

He was here a moment ago. He...

• must have gone so far.

• may have gone so far.

• could have gone so far.

• can't have gone so far.

He went to Siberia on holiday. It...

• must have been so cold!

• could have been so cold!

• may have been so cold!

• can't have been so cold!

I saw my friend run quickly to school.

• She can't have been late.

• She couldn't have been late.

• She might have been late.

• She must have been late.