Unit 09: Sectionalism – Growing Division 1820s-1850s

Sectional differences in the United States during the early 1800s were mostly rooted in differences about —

• religion

• economics

• the roles of women

• attitudes about war

How did U.S. tariff policies contribute to sectionalism prior to the Civil War?

• Northern states benefited from the tariffs, while Southern states considered them an economic burden.

• Western states wanted tariffs to pay for improved infrastructure, while Northern states wanted to reduce the national debt.

• Northern states gained European investment in industry, while Southern plantations had to rely on trade with Latin America.

• Southern states benefited from tariffs on raw materials, while Northern and Western states disapproved of higher prices for imports.

How did economic opportunities for free African Americans differ from enslaved African Americans during the early 1800s?

• Free African Americans could own property and had some rights, while enslaved African Americans had no rights at all.

• Free African Americans had no rights to own property, but could operate a business, while enslaved African Americans had no rights at all.

• Free African Americans had the right to own businesses and property, while enslaved African Americans only had the right to own personal property.

• Free African Americans could own and operate their own business, while enslaved African Americans could not own but could only operate a few small types of businesses.

How did both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 contribute to differences between free and enslaved African Americans?

• The institution of slavery was allowed in some new states while other states allowed freedom for African Americans.

• Both compromises expanded rights for enslaved African Americans, but limited the rights of free African Americans in new free states.

• Free African Americans gained new rights to vote and hold office in new free states while enslaved African Americans lacked any rights.

• Both compromises limited the spread of slavery to east of the Mississippi River, allowing enslaved African Americans who escaped slavery to gain their freedom and political rights in free states.

California becomes a free state. Strict fugitive slave law adopted. Slave trade, but not slavery, banned in District of Columbia. New states in the Southwest could vote to have slavery. Texas' debt paid in exchange for adjustment of the Texas boundary.

Which congressional action is described by the information above?

• Tariff Act

• Compromise of 1850

• Missouri Compromise

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

Which southern city served as a busy port of entry for goods and immigrants in the mid1800’s?

• Atlanta

• Galveston

• Baton Rouge

• Harper’s Ferry

Which physical geographic factor of the northern United States most facilitated industrial growth in the region?

• Natural harbors

• Mineral-rich soils

• Long growing seasons

• Mild climate conditions

Economic Differences Prior to the Civil War

Northern States Southern States Textile manufacturing Cotton plantations Large urban labor force Rural labor force Support high tariffs Oppose high tariffs

Which inference is best supported by the table?

• The South's population primarily lived in large cities.

• The South had a higher standard of living than the North.

• The North depended upon foreign imports to feed its population.

• The North was more industrial while the South was mostly agricultural.

One difference of economic development between northern and southern U.S. states during the early nineteenth century was —

• the growth of the factory system in the North

• the support of international tariffs by the South

• the growth of ship-building industries in the South

• the decline of entrepreneurial innovations in the North

. . . [W]e are satisfied, upon a careful examination of all the cases decided in the State courts of Missouri referred to, that it is now firmly settled by the decisions of the highest court in the State, that Scott and his family upon their return were not free, but were, by the laws of Missouri, the property of the defendant; and that the Circuit Court of the United States had no jurisdiction, when, by the laws of the State, the plaintiff was a slave, and not a citizen. —Dred Scott v. Sandford,1857

How did this decision affect the lives of enslaved people?

• It restricted slavery to states alone and not territories.

• It allowed enslaved people to sue for their freedom in state courts.

• It confirmed enslaved people were property and cannot bring a case to a federal court.

• It determined enslaved people could travel across state lines when seeking freedom.