San Ildefonso Pueblo artist Maria Martínez achieved the decorative black-on-black effect of the ceramic vessel shown by

• painting it with carbon-based pigments after firing

• firing it outdoors using an oxygen-reduction technique

• firing it in a closed kiln at a controlled temperature

• mixing the wet clay with pigments made from obsidian

All of the following are similarities of both the Great Serpent Mound and Spiral Jetty EXCEPT that they

• are best viewed from the air

• are experienced by being walked on

• were created by reworking materials present at the site

• reference astronomical events

The Coyolxauhqui Stone was placed at the foot of the Templo Mayor staircase in order to communicate to the Mexica audience that the goddess

• had been thoroughly humiliated and defeated

• was an important deity of warfare

• was associated with the underworld

• had been transformed into corn following her death

For the inhabitants of the city, the image of Coyolxauhqui was intended to provide

• a commemoration of the role of messengers in Maya culture

• an homage to the Maya conquest of the Valley of Mexico

• a reminder of the power and might of the Mexica (Aztec) state

• a commentary on the Mexica (Aztec) war with the Spanish conquistadors

The round room in the foreground of the photograph is a

• stupa

• kiva

• atrium

• mihrab

The fact Lady Xoc is the focus of Yaxchilán lintels, such as the one shown, underscores the

• role of women in Mayan society as protectors of homes and sacred places

• power and influence of the royal women of Yaxchilán in determining rulership

• everyday nature of royal participation in Mayan ritual bloodletting ceremonies

• belief of the Maya that only royal women were able to connect with spirits

Which of the following sources has been used by scholars of Yaxchilán to support the theory that the lintel carvings of Structure 23 were intended to reinforce Shield Jaguar II’s rule?

• Contemporary Maya celebrations that mark significant passages in people’s lives

• Translations of existing codices that were originally stored in Structure 23

• Analysis of transcriptions of oral history that were made by the Spanish

• Translations of the glyphic inscriptions that accompany the image on Lintel 25

Hide paintings such as those produced by Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody) in the late 1800s were important to Shoshone artists in part because of the response the hide paintings got from

• Euro-American tourists, who were eager to buy them

• national museums, which sought them for growing collections

• other Shoshone, who wore them during ceremonies

• tribal leaders, who wanted them for recording events

In the convent of Santo Domingo in Cusco, the combination of Spanish Baroque architecture with Inka ashlar masonry walls represented

• a desire to merge Christian and Inka religious beliefs and practices

• the Spanish adoption of Inka earthquake-proof construction techniques

• a transition from worship of the Inka Sun god to worship of the Christian God

• the shift from Machu Picchu to Cusco as the administrative center of Peru

Some scholars have theorized that the design of the Great Serpent Mound is linked to astronomical phenomena because of the

• close resemblance of its shape to the constellation Orion

• nearby presence of grave steles depicting the sun and moon

• proximity of other effigy mounds, which represent celestial deities

• orientation of its head, which is aligned with the summer solstice