AP World: 5.1-5.6 Review

“After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas.

At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity.

Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people.”

Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794

Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the passage?

• Europeans should learn from the knowledge and wisdom of classical Greece and Rome.

• Philosophy and science are fundamentally incompatible.

• Ethics and morality are subjective and culture-specific.

• People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

“After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas.

At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity.

Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people.”

Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794

Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the second paragraph?

• Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.

• In some cases, governments need to stifle freedom of speech.

• Man’s natural condition is one of suffering and a struggle for survival.

• Loyalty to one’s nation is the greatest virtue a person can aspire to have.

“After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas.

At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity.

Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people.”

Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794

Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the third paragraph?

• The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.

• The failure to grant political rights to women is at odds with the idea of natural rights.

• The economic policies of the French monarchy have been the main cause of the revolution.

• The calls to reform the criminal justice system do not take into account the severity of the social problems posed by France’s high crime rates.

Source 1

“Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith.

Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of ‘liberty’ originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide ‘liberty’ if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one’s appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray.”

Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798

Source 2

“I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate.

It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians.

It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country’s mind than a thousand Latin and German schools.”

*At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part.

György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, “Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation,” essay published in 1817

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources?

• Source 1 assumes that people are fundamentally rational and capable of being persuaded by rational arguments, whereas Source 2 assumes that people are fundamentally irrational and motivated by instincts and passions.

• Source 1 asserts that liberty is synonymous with individual freedom of action, whereas Source 2 asserts that true liberty involves a collective obligation to act in the best interests of the community.

• Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.

• Source 1 argues that members of the elite should follow the democratically expressed will of the people, whereas Source 2 argues that members of the elite should lead and lift up the people by providing them with education.

Source 1

“Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith.

Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of ‘liberty’ originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide ‘liberty’ if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one’s appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray.”

Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798

Source 2

“I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate.

It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians.

It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country’s mind than a thousand Latin and German schools.”

*At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part.

György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, “Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation,” essay published in 1817

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the arguments made in the two sources regarding ideas of liberty and equality?

• Both sources embrace the ideas for the same reason, namely that liberty and equality are inalienable natural rights and governments’ attempts to restrict those rights are doomed to fail

• Source 1 embraces the ideas because of the promise of emancipation they hold to oppressed minority groups, whereas Source 2 embraces the ideas because of their origins in Enlightenment thought.

• Both sources reject the ideas for the same reason, namely that demands for liberty and equality would lead to political instability and sweeping social changes in Europe.

• Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims.

Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great Britain’s early industrialization?

• Its location on an island group separate from continental Europe

• Its abundance of iron ore

• Its cold climate, unsuitable for cultivating many crops

• Its plentiful domestic sources of gold and silver

Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided

• A means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

• A source for improved sanitation for the rapidly urbanizing population centers

• Access to leisure activities for the growing middle class

• Cheap electrical power needed for industrial production

Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization?

• The factory system produced the surplus labor that led large numbers of British people to emigrate overseas, and the new transportation infrastructure enabled those migrants to make their journeys.

• The factory system concentrated the working classes in cities, and new transportation infrastructure allowed governments to better monitor and police these workers.

• The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.

• The factory system led to an ever-greater degree of specialization of labor and, by doing so, helped meet the railway industry’s need for highly skilled workers.

Based on the chart, which of the following best describes a pattern in the spread of railroads in Europe from 1830 to 1850?

• Multinational empires adopted railroads more extensively than other states did.

• Countries that industrialized the latest had the most extensive mileage of railroads by 1850.

• The largest countries had the most extensive railroad networks by 1850.

• Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.

Which of the following best describes the expansion in total railway line kilometers by 1850 in countries that possessed zero kilometers of railroad lines in 1830?

• Austria-Hungary had the largest expansion.

• Germany had the largest expansion.

• Italy had the largest expansion.

• Russia had the largest expansion.