U.S. History Final Review

SOURCE: Colonial America Timeline

1754- French and Indian War begins.

1763- British colonists win the French and Indian war for Britain. Fighting grows between British colonists and Native Americans Indians.

1764- Sugar Act passed to raise money from the colonists to pay British military expenses from French and Indian War.

1765- Stamp Act provides additional tax revenue. Colonists resist new taxes with violence and boycotts.

1767- Townsend Acts impose even more new taxes on the colonists.

1770- Conflict erupts between colonists and British troops, leading to the Boston Massacre.

1773- British end many taxes, but keep the tax on tea. Boston Tea Party occurs.

1774- Intolerable Acts imposed to severely punish Boston.

QUESTION: Which of the following best summarizes the events listed in the timeline?

• The French and Indian War began a period of 20 years of conflict between the French and the Indians

• The colonists finally defeated the British in the French and Indian War and made peace with the American Indians.

• The causes of French and Indian War were a constant threat to the English colonies for many years following the end of the war.

• Debt created by the French and Indian war led to higher taxes on American colonists, American resentment of those taxes.

SOURCE: Colonial America Timeline

1754- French and Indian War begins.

1763- British colonists win the French and Indian war for Britain. Fighting grows between British colonists and Native Americans Indians.

1764- Sugar Act passed to raise money from the colonists to pay British military expenses from French and Indian War.

1765- Stamp Act provides additional tax revenue. Colonists resist new taxes with violence and boycotts.

1767- Townsend Acts impose even more new taxes on the colonists.

1770- Conflict erupts between colonists and British troops, leading to the Boston Massacre.

1773- British end many taxes, but keep the tax on tea. Boston Tea Party occurs.

1774- Intolerable Acts imposed to severely punish Boston.

QUESTION: Based on the timeline, what challenges were American colonists facing after the French and Indian War? Choose three

• Conflicts with Colonial soldiers

• Conflicts with British soldiers

• Conflicts with Native Americans

• Difficulties with new taxes

• Difficulties with colonial representation

SOURCE: The Treaty of Paris 1783

The Treaty of Paris formally ended the American War of Independence and recognized Great Britain's former colonies as free and independent states, acknowledging the existence of the United States as a sovereign country.

The Treaty of Paris agreed and confirmed its negotiations in ten articles:

Article 1: Acknowledging the thirteen colonies as free sovereign and independent states and relinquishing all claims to property and territorial rights.

Article 2: Set up of territorial boundaries.

Article 3: Conceding the right to fish on the Grand Bank and on other Banks of Newfoundland.

Article 4: Creditors on either side shall meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of debt.

Article 5: Congress will recommend to state legislature the restitution of estates, rights and property that belonged to British subjects.

Article 6: Bring to an end and prevent all future prosecution and confiscation of loyalists’ property.

Article 7: All prisoners of war on either side shall be set free.

Article 8: The Mississippi River should remain open to British and American citizens.

Article 9: Territories captured by either Britain or the United States after the Treaty will be restored without compensation.

Article 10: Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months from the signing of the parties.

QUESTION: Which of the following were a part of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 that ended the American Revolution? Select two (2) answers

• The boundaries of the United States were set.

• France gained Florida from Great Britain

• Great Britain lost possession of Canada.

• All fighting between the United States and Spain ended.

• The United States was recognized as an independent nation

What physical feature generally follows the Proclamation Line of 1763?

• Great Smoky Mountains

• Appalachian Mountains

• Rocky Mountains

• Adirondack mountain range

SOURCE: Timeline

The Constitution of the United States is over 200 years old. Below are some of the important dates that led to the creation of the Constitution:

1775 — The Revolutionary War between the Colonies and Britain begins.

1776 —Declaration of Independence written; the 13 colonies become the 13 states, but are not yet united under one central government.

1781 — The last battle of the Revolutionary War takes place; the 13 states set up a federal government under laws called the Articles of Confederation.

1786 — Representatives from five states meet at Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss interstate trade. Because so few representatives attend, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison call for another convention to be held in Philadelphia.

1787 — The Constitutional Convention begins on May 25, in Philadelphia. Fifty-five representatives attend and begin drafting the Constitution. On September 17, 1787, the convention comes to a close as the representatives sign the Constitution.

1788 — The Constitution becomes the law of the land after New Hampshire becomes the ninth and last state required to approve it.

QUESTION: According to source 1 and your knowledge of history, why did representatives meet in Philadelphia to draft the constitution?

• There was no central government.

• The American Revolution had ended

• There was a problem with trade.

• State representatives weren't meeting

SOURCE: 1. The Great Compromise - The Virginia Plan provided for representation to be based on the population of each state. On the other hand, the New Jersey Plan proposed equal representation for every state. The Great Compromise, also called the Connecticut Compromise, combined both plans.

It was decided that there would be two chambers in Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate would be based on equal representation for each state and the House would be based on population.

2. The Three-Fifths Compromise - Delegates from Northern states, where the economy did not rely heavily on slavery, felt that slaves should not be counted toward representation because counting them would provide the South with a greater number of representatives. Southern states fought for slaves to be counted in terms of representation. The compromise between the two became known as the three-fifths compromise because every five slaves would be counted as three individuals in terms of representation.

3. The Commerce Compromise - Northern states wanted the government to be able to impose import tariffs on finished products to protect against foreign competition and encourage the South to buy goods made in the North and also export tariffs on raw goods to increase revenue flowing into the United States. However, the Southern states feared that export tariffs on their raw goods would hurt the trade upon which they heavily relied.

The compromise mandated that tariffs were only to be allowed on imports from foreign countries and not exports from the U.S.

4. The Slave Trade Compromise - Those who opposed slavery in the Northern states wanted to bring an end to the importation and sale of slaves. This was in direct opposition to Southern states, which felt that slavery was vital to their economy...In this compromise, Northern states...agreed to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the U.S.

5. The Election of the President - While some delegates felt that the president should be popularly elected, others feared that the electorate would not be informed enough to make that decision...In the end, the two sides compromised with the creation of the Electoral College, which is made up of electors roughly proportional to population. Citizens actually voted for electors bound to a particular candidate who then votes for the president.

QUESTION: Based on sources 2 and 3, what was the main disagreement between representatives at the Constitutional Convention?

• Representation in the in the legislative branch.

• Elections in the executive branch

• Slavery

• Trade

SOURCE: 5 Key Compromises of the Constitutional Convention

1. The Great Compromise - The Virginia Plan provided for representation to be based on the population of each state. On the other hand, the New Jersey Plan proposed equal representation for every state. The Great Compromise, also called the Connecticut Compromise, combined both plans.

It was decided that there would be two chambers in Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate would be based on equal representation for each state and the House would be based on population.

2. The Three-Fifths Compromise - Delegates from Northern states, where the economy did not rely heavily on slavery, felt that slaves should not be counted toward representation because counting them would provide the South with a greater number of representatives. Southern states fought for slaves to be counted in terms of representation. The compromise between the two became known as the three-fifths compromise because every five slaves would be counted as three individuals in terms of representation.

3. The Commerce Compromise - Northern states wanted the government to be able to impose import tariffs on finished products to protect against foreign competition and encourage the South to buy goods made in the North and also export tariffs on raw goods to increase revenue flowing into the United States. However, the Southern states feared that export tariffs on their raw goods would hurt the trade upon which they heavily relied.

The compromise mandated that tariffs were only to be allowed on imports from foreign countries and not exports from the U.S.

4. The Slave Trade Compromise - Those who opposed slavery in the Northern states wanted to bring an end to the importation and sale of slaves. This was in direct opposition to Southern states, which felt that slavery was vital to their economy...In this compromise, Northern states...agreed to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the U.S.

5. The Election of the President - While some delegates felt that the president should be popularly elected, others feared that the electorate would not be informed enough to make that decision...In the end, the two sides compromised with the creation of the Electoral College, which is made up of electors roughly proportional to population. Citizens actually voted for electors bound to a particular candidate who then votes for the president.

QUESTION:

According to source 3, which issue did not receive an immediate solution during the Constitutional Convention?

• Debates over the election of the president

• Debates over ending the slave trade

• Debates over representation in Congress

• Debates over imposing tariffs on imports and exports

SOURCE: Tea Act of 1773 - the British View

Proposals were made that the Townshend tax on tea be completely waived, but Lord North opposed this idea, saying that that those revenues were used to pay the salaries of crown officials in the colonies.

Never-the-less the British anticipated a good reception to the Tea Act in America, after all, the colonists would get their tea at a cost lower than ever before. Tea would be cheaper in America than Britain. Ships laden with more than half a million pounds of tea set off for the colonies shortly after the Tea Act was passed.

The Tea Act would allow the British to undercut the price of tea smuggled into Britain's North American colonies via the illegal Dutch tea trade. The British government led by the Prime Minister, Lord North, hoped to reassert Parliament’s right to impose direct revenue taxes on the American Colonies with the cheap tea.

Reaction of the Colonists to the Tea Act of 1773

The reaction of the American colonists to the Tea Act came as a shock to the British. Buying the tea would mean that the colonists had accepted paying the British import tax. The American colonists had not forgotten their outrage at the Stamp Act of 1765 and the efforts made to gain the political victory in having the hated act repealed.

Since the Colonies were not represented in Parliament, they saw the Tea Act as unconstitutional Their cry of "No taxation without representation!" had not been forgotten. The seeds of revolution had been sewn in the minds of many of the American colonists. The Sons of Liberty, and the Daughters of Liberty, had experienced a relatively calm period since the repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre of 1770. The Tea Act stirred up all of the old feelings of resentment towards the British

QUESTION: Based on sources 2 and 3, what action did colonists ultimately take to express their grievances with British rule?

• They debated laws in colonial legislatures.

• They wrote to the British king requesting to be heard.

• They attacked British personnel and supplies

• They boarded and destroyed British ships

SOURCE: "...It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret the rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each." Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury vs. Madison, 1803

Question: The power of judicial review established by Marbury vs. Madison, 1803, means that the Supreme Court may do which of the following?

• decide that a law is unconstitutional

• approve presidential appointments

• confirm the constitution takes precedence

• reject cases the court does not wish to hear

Based on the cartoon, how did the Monroe Doctrine establish America's identity to foreign nations?

• The Monroe Doctrine told the nations of Europe that they would no longer be importing goods from Europe but told the nations of South America that they were free to import goods from Europe.

• The Monroe Doctrine threatened war against Europe and promised to protect the nations of South America as long as they supported the United States in their conflicts of Europe.

• The Monroe Doctrine closed the borders of North and South America to immigrants and ordered the nations of South America to accept the United States overflow of immigrants into their countries.

• The Monroe Doctrine told the nations of Europe that they could no longer wage wars in the Americas while telling the nations of South America that they had to cooperate with the United States in order to maintain protection