AP Bio Unit 7 Test Review

In an experiment, 100 mice were released into a field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after their release, a representative sample of mice was captured, their fur color was recorded, and they were returned to the field. After twenty years, a representative sample of mice was captured and the distribution of fur color was again recorded. Which of the following could best explain the change in fur color distribution, as shown in the table above?

• The allele for black fur color is unstable, and over twenty years most of the black fur alleles mutated to become alleles for gray fur.

• The field was primarily composed of light-colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators.

• Sexual selection led to increased mating frequency of black and brown versus gray and brown.

• The gray mice were harder to catch, and so were underrepresented in the twenty-year sample.

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A species of snail lives in the intertidal zone along the coast of New England. The dark-colored variety of the species is more common in northern New England, the light-colored variety is more common two hundred miles away in southern New England, and both varieties are commonly found together in central New England. Which of the following best explains the observed distribution pattern of the snails?

• The founder effect suggests that dark-colored snails migrated from the southern regions to the north and established the populations found there.

• Genetic drift at the shell-color locus caused the northern population to become homozygous for the dark-color allele.

• The mutation rate is higher in the south, as the longer days expose the snails to more ultraviolet radiation than in the north.

• Dark-colored snails absorb more solar energy and so survive more readily in the colder northern waters.

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Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target cell, thereby activating an intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target cell.

This mechanism of activating receptor-binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzymes responsible for proteolysis of membrane-bound precursor proteins have been isolated and characterized.

Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species?

• Are the genes encoding the proteolytic enzymes expressed in the same cell types in all species?

• Once the precursor proteins of different species are cleaved, do the active signaling proteins bind to the same receptors on different target cells?

• If a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

• Are the proteolytic enzymes synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of all species?

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The table above shows the types and properties of nitrogencontaining wastes produced by several vertebrates. Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation of the data?

• The data support convergent evolution for nitrogen excretion in organisms occupying dramatically different environmental niches.

• The nitrogenous waste excreted by each vertebrate is the result of evolutionary adaptations that have decreased vulnerability to predators.

• Nitrogen homeostasis in terrestrial vertebrates reflects an adaptation for more frequent and higher-volume urination than that occurring in aquatic vertebrates.

• Ammonia secretion requires a large volume of water and was therefore selected against in terrestrial vertebrates.

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Some scientists claim that amphibians are currently experiencing a period of mass extinction.

Which of the following should be included in an alternative hypothesis that would best support this claim?

• The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record

• The extinction rate of amphibians in the 21st century compared with the extinction rate of amphibians during the 20th century

• The number of species of amphibians currently alive compared with the number of amphibian species known to be extinct

• The number of new amphibian species being discovered per year compared with the number of amphibian species becoming extinct during the same time period

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A small number of lizards from a mainland population have been deposited on four isolated islands because of the effects of a rare strong storm.

Which of the following best predicts the outcome of these lizards reproducing for many generations on the islands?

• Courtship rituals specific to each island lizard species prevent the lizards from interbreeding.

• Speciation results from bottleneck events that happened before the ancestral species reached the islands.

• The different species that currently exist are the result of hybridization between lizards from different islands.

• The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.

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Which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cannot fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so?

• Penguins live on land and feed in the water; therefore they have no need to fly.

• The Antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren; therefore there is no place to fly.

• Ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in the water; therefore they passed their genes for shorter wing structure on to their offspring.

• Ancestral penguins did not use their wings for long periods of time; therefore today’s penguins have only tiny, nonfunctional wings.

• The cold and wind of Antarctica make flight impossible; therefore penguins that live there have lost the ability to fly.

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A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962 ?

• 2%

• 4%

• 8%

• 20%

• 64%

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A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous?

• 0%

• 25%

• 33%

• 67%

• 100%

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A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what was the frequency of allele G in the gray moths that emerged in 1980?

• 0.33

• 0.50

• 0.67

• 0.75

• 1.00

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