A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

• participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

• differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared

• men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles

• personality traits do not remain constant across the life span

• unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

• 99

• 90

• 86

• 77

• 75

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

• Information processing

• Maturation

• Socialization

• Cognition

• Experience

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

• Participation must be voluntary.

• Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement.

• Research may not involve deception.

• Participants must be informed of potential risks.

• Participants’ right to privacy must be protected.

An illusory correlation is best defined as a

• correlation of 0

• causal relationship

• correlation of −1.0

• perceived relationship where one does not exist

• correlation of +1.0

Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?

• They have just begun to address such issues.

• They disclaim ethical concerns regarding research.

• They have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only.

• They have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only.

• They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10

Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above.

• 7

• 6.4

• 7.5

• 6

• 7.33

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10

Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above.

What is the mode for these data?

• 4

• 5

• 6

• 7

• 8

The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed

• maturation vs. learning

• continuity vs. discontinuity

• nature vs. nurture

• developmental vs. cognitive

• cross-sectional vs. longitudinal

Clinical researchers are interested in gaining insight into the causes of abnormal behavior. One way that they do this is to delve deeply into the histories of patients with a common diagnosis, interviewing family, friends, teachers, therapists, physicians, babysitters, and others who can provide rich details about the patients’ lives. Then, researchers try to see if there are any common themes in the information gathered. What research method does this strategy represent?

• Case study

• Naturalistic observation

• Quantitative analysis

• Experiment

• Quasi-experiment