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A flashlight or an electric torch is a hand-held, portable, electrically-powered light source.
It is commonly used for finding keyholes, supplementing dark-adapted vision, or helping you find your way when walking in the dark.
The electric torch was invented in 1902 by Conrad Hubert, who was also known as Akiba Horowitz.
A typical flashlight consists of a light bulb mounted in reflector with a transparent cover to protect the light source and reflector, a battery, and a switch. These are supported and protected by a plastic case.
The central part of a torch is the battery. The bottom of the bulb rests on the positive terminal of the battery. The zinc case of the battery forms the negative terminal. The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the switch by a brass strip. Another brass strip runs from the switch to the metal case of the bulb.
The bulb contains a very thin wire called a filament. The filament, made of a tungsten alloy, is enclosed in a vacuum. The filament rests on two glass columns. Two wires pass through the columns and the whole assembly is enclosed in a thin glass envelope.


A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of display that is commonly found in large TVs (30 inches or larger). The word plasma refers to ionized gases that are electrically charged to produce an illuminated screen.
Plasma displays wide a color gamut that can produce high resolution pictures. Scientists believe that the pictures are mostly the same as the real thing. Plasma can be applied on fairly large size screens-up to 3.8 metres diagonally. The plasma panel is about 6 cm thick. It is reported that plasma TV has lower black room, (unilluminated parts), than LCD screens.
The plasma TV consumes power differently for different scenes. Bright scenes consume more power than the darker ones. The plasma that illuminates the screen might reach a temperature 0f 1200 C. When the screen cracks, the temperatures of the plasma will directly decrease, to avoid fire and human injury, Normally, the plasma TV may consume 400 watts for a 30 inches screen and 310 watts for a 50 inch.
          The lifetime of the plasma TV might reach 100.000 hours or 27 years if used 10 hours per day. It is the reason why TV plasma is efficient.

(Source: Pathway to English)

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