The Nuremberg Trials

Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) committed suicide and was never brought to trial. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

• a war in Germany

• a celebration of the Nazi Third Reich

• a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949

• Hitler's funeral procession

Answer explanation

a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949

According to the passage, the Nuremberg Trials were "a a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949."

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Shortly after Adolf Hitler came to power as chancellor of Germany in 1933, he and his Nazi government began implementing policies designed to persecute German-Jewish people and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. Over the next decade, these policies grew increasingly repressive and violent and resulted, by the end of World War II (1939-45), in the systematic, state-sponsored murder of some 6 million European Jews (along with an estimated 4 million to 6 million non-Jews).

Who came to power as Chancellor of Germany in 1933?

• Rudolf Heis

• Joseph Stalin

• Adolf Hitler

• Winston Churchill

Answer explanation

Adolf Hitler

According to the passage, "...Adolf Hitler came to power as chancellor of Germany in 1933,..."

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In December 1942, the Allied leaders of Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union “issued the first joint declaration officially noting the mass murder of European Jewry and resolving to prosecute those responsible for violence against civilian populations,” according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Joseph Stalin (1878-1953), the Soviet leader, initially proposed the execution of 50,000 to 100,000 German staff officers.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965) discussed the possibility of summary execution (execution without a trial) of high-ranking Nazis, but was persuaded by American leaders that a criminal trial would be more effective. Among other advantages, criminal proceedings would require documentation of the crimes charged against the defendants and prevent later accusations that the defendants had been condemned without evidence.

Why was a criminal trial for the Nazi criminals more effective?

• It would make the proceedings go faster.

• I could involve four more countries.

• It will allow the tribunal to try Adolf Hitler for war crimes.

• It would require documentation of the crimes charged against the Nazi defendants and prevent later accusations that they had been condemned without evidence.

Answer explanation

It would require documentation of the crimes charged against the Nazi defendants and prevent later accusations that they had been condemned without evidence.

The passage states, "...criminal proceedings would require documentation of the crimes charged against the defendants and prevent later accusations that the defendants had been condemned without evidence."

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There were many legal and procedural difficulties to overcome in setting up the Nuremberg trials. First, there was no precedent for an international trial of war criminals. There were earlier instances of prosecution for war crimes, such as the execution of Confederate army officer Henry Wirz (1823-65) for his maltreatment of Union prisoners of war during the American Civil War (1861-65); and the courts-martial held by Turkey in 1919-20 to punish those responsible for the Armenian genocide of 1915-16. However, these were trials conducted according to the laws of a single nation rather than, as in the case of the Nuremberg trials, a group of four powers (France, Britain, the Soviet Union and the U.S.) with different legal traditions and practices.

What four countries were represented in the Nuremberg Trials?

• United States, Japan, Germany, and Russia

• United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia

• United States, England, China and Russia

• Australia, England, Africa and Russia

Answer explanation

United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia

According to the passage, "...France, Britain, the Soviet Union and the U.S."

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The Allies eventually established the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg trials with the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT), issued on August 8, 1945. Among other things, the charter defined three categories of crimes: crimes against peace (including planning, preparing, starting or waging wars of aggression or wars in violation of international agreements), war crimes (including violations of customs or laws of war, including improper treatment of civilians and prisoners of war) and crimes against humanity (including murder, enslavement or deportation of civilians or persecution on political, religious or racial grounds). It was determined that civilian officials as well as military officers could be accused of war crimes.

What organization established the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg trials?

• African Charter of the National Military Tribunal (NMT)

• American Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT)

• London Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT)

• Russian Charter of the International Liberty Tribunal (ILT)

Answer explanation

London Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT)

The passage states, "The Allies eventually established the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg trials with the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT), issued on August 8, 1945."

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The city of Nuremberg (also known as Nurnberg) in the German state of Bavaria was selected as the location for the trials because its Palace of Justice was relatively undamaged by the war and included a large prison area. Additionally, Nuremberg had been the site of annual Nazi propaganda rallies; holding the postwar trials there marked the symbolic end of Hitler’s government, the Third Reich.

Nuremberg was the site of the Nazi Party War Rallies led by Adolf Hitler.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

True

According to the passage, "...Nuremberg had been the site of annual Nazi propaganda rallies;..."

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The best-known of the Nuremberg trials was the Trial of Major War Criminals, held from November 20, 1945, to October 1, 1946. The format of the trial was a mix of legal traditions: There were prosecutors and defense attorneys according to British and American law, but the decisions and sentences were imposed by a tribunal (panel of judges) rather than a single judge and a jury. The chief American prosecutor was Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Each of the four Allied powers supplied two judges–a main judge and an alternate.

Who was the chief prosecutor of the Nuremberg Trials?

• Robert H. Jackson

• Joseph Stallon

• Winston Churchill

• Adolf Hitler

Answer explanation

Robert H. Jackson

The passage states, ". The chief American prosecutor was Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court."

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Twenty-four individuals were indicted, along with six Nazi organizations determined to be criminal (such as the “Gestapo,” or secret state police). One of the indicted men was deemed medically unfit to stand trial, while a second man killed himself before the trial began. Hitler and two of his top associates, Heinrich Himmler (1900-45) and Joseph Goebbels (1897-45), had each committed suicide in the spring of 1945 before they could be brought to trial. The defendants were allowed to choose their own lawyers, and the most common defense strategy was that the crimes defined in the London Charter were examples of ex post facto law; that is, they were laws that criminalized actions committed before the laws were drafted. Another defense was that the trial was a form of victor’s justice–the Allies were applying a harsh standard to crimes committed by Germans and leniency to crimes committed by their own soldiers.

All of the Nazi war criminals were brought to trial.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

False

According to the passage, "One of the indicted men was deemed medically unfit to stand trial, while a second man killed himself before the trial began. Hitler and two of his top associates, Heinrich Himmler (1900-45) and Joseph Goebbels (1897-45), had each committed suicide in the spring of 1945 before they could be brought to trial."

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As the accused men and judges spoke four different languages, the trial saw the introduction of a technological innovation taken for granted today: instantaneous translation. IBM provided the technology and recruited men and women from international telephone exchanges to provide on-the-spot translations through headphones in English, French, German and Russian.

What system was used to ensure that the trial proceedings was understood in all languages?

• instantaneous translation

• instant messaging (IM)

• telegrams

• Morse Code

Answer explanation

instantaneous translation

According to the passage, "As the accused men and judges spoke four different languages, the trial saw the introduction of a technological innovation taken for granted today: instantaneous translation."

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In the end, the international tribunal found all but three of the defendants guilty. Twelve were sentenced to death, one in absentia, and the rest were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life behind bars. Ten of the condemned were executed by hanging on October 16, 1946. Hermann Göring (1893-1946), Hitler’s designated successor and head of the “Luftwaffe” (German air force), committed suicide the night before his execution with a cyanide capsule he had hidden in a jar of skin medication.

Ten of the defendants were executed to death by hanging on what date?

• October 16, 1946.

• February 10, 1945.

• March 18, 1945.

• December 28, 1946.

Answer explanation

October 16, 1946.

The passage states, "Ten of the condemned were executed by hanging on October 16, 1946."

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