NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS

Inflammation:

• §Set point for temperature regulation in the hypothalamus is elevated in fever.

• §the immune system’s protective response to injurious stimulus.

• Neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) may also be involved in the generation of pain

The inflammatory response can be caused by

• §Thermal or physical trauma

• §Noxious chemicals

• §Infectious agents

Inflammation release what factor that associated with

• damage-

• pathogen

• associated molecules that are recognized by cells charged with immune surveillance

• associated molecules that does not recognized by cells charged with immune surveillance

Depending on conditions, inflammation can lead to

• may be exaggerated

• sustained with no apparent benefit and with severe adverse consequences

• hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation

Inflammatory Process:

• Resolution with or without tissue degeneration and fibrosis

• Infiltration of leukocytes and phagocytic cells

• Transient local vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

• Resolution with or with tissue degeneration and fibrosis

• Transient local vasodilation and decreased capillary permeability

types of mediators

• chemical

• chemotactic

• immunologic

• others

chemical mediators are

• histamine

• serotonin

• prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2, PGD2)

• bradykinins

• leukotrienes (LTs)

Chemotactic Mediators are

• LTB4

• oxygen radicals and nitric oxide

• platelet-activating factor (PAF),

• complement factor C5a

• endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1

Immunologic Mediators

• IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in concert with other cytokines and growth factors (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8)

• prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2, PGD2

• endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1

• endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1

• platelet-activating factor (PAF),

Others Mediator

• platelet-activating factor (PAF), complement factor C5a, LTB4

• oxygen radicals and nitric oxide

• endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1),

• IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in concert with other cytokines and growth factors (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8)

• histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2, PGD2) bradykinins and leukotrienes (LTs)