Immunity: second line of defence

Name the process a cell such as a neutrophil or a macrophage uses to engulf its prey

• halitosis

• chemotaxis

• botulism

• phagocytosis

The second line of defence includes:

• Inflammation and fever

• Targeting specific pathogens

• Production of antibodies

• Chemical barriers like acids, enzymes, and other secretions

A sign that shows your second line of defence has been triggered:

• redness

• swelling

• inflammation

• all of the above

What is the correct order of enzyme activation cascade in the blood clotting process?

• Fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin

• Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen

• Thrombin, prothrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen

• Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin

The second line of defence helps to:

• prevent pathogens from entering body

• fight all types pathogens once they have entered the body

• fight off specific pathogens, remember pathogens that have previously invaded

What is the correct order of the events in phagocytosis?

• discharge, fusion with lysosome, phagosome forms, detection, digestion, ingestion

• detection, ingestion, digestion, phagosome forms, fusion with lysosome, discharge

• ingestion, detection, digestion, fusion with lysosome, phagosome forms, discharge

• detection, ingestion, phagosome forms, fusion with lysosome, digestion, discharge

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the second line of defense. Neutrophils:

• envelope pathogens that have entered the body

• promote blood flow

• secrete antibodies

• secrete antigens

During the inflammation process the mast cells release _________, which causes vasodilation.

• Histamine

• Prostaglandins

• PAMPS

• Fibrin

What is the function of fibrin in blood clotting?

• Catalyses the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen

• It forms an insoluble mesh of fibres which traps blood cells at the site of damage.

• Promotes the release of clotting factors

• Recognised by Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in a variety of body cells

What effect does histamine produce in the inflammation process:

• Decreases blood supply to the injury site

• Causes vasoconstriction

• Increases capillary permeability

• Increases heart rate