Coral reef ecology 2

Which ion combines with calcium ions, Ca2+, to form the limestone skeleton of corals?

• HCO^3–

• CO₃ ^2–

• SO₄^2-

• Cl^–

Coral polyps are animals which belong to the Phylum:-

• Mollusca.

• Arthropoda.

• Cnidaria.

• Crustacea

The relationship between zooxanthellae and corals can be best described as

• commensalism

• mutualism

• parasitism

• predation

The graph below shows coral recruit densities on tiles for different substrates at a site. Error bars represent standard error.

Which substrate or substrates would be most suitable to make a new artificial reef?

• Substrate 1

• Substrate 2

• Substrate 1 and Substrate 3

• Substrate 2 and Substrate 4

Which one of the following statements best describes the movement of matter and energy in an ecosystem?

• Producers convert matter to energy, which then passes through the levels before being recycled.

• Energy enters an ecosystem as light and is lost as heat, while matter is recycled.

• Producers convert light energy to heat energy, which is then used to support the consumers

• Consumers absorb heat energy from the environment and convert it to matter, which is then recycled.

Which are two ways a population can decrease in size?

• immigration and emigration

• increased death rate and immigration

• decreased birth rate and emigration

• emigration and increased birth rate

Which of the following issues is not associated with aquaculture?

• biosecurity

• waste removal

• output pollution

• overexploitation

Artisanal and small-scale fisheries are characterised by

• low levels of annual catch for human consumption.

• high levels of capital and energy.

• low levels of sea life discard.

• high levels of subsidy.

Which one of the following is the best definition of species diversity?

• the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic make-up of a species

• the variety of different genetic material, species and ecosystems in the biosphere

• the variation found in a region or the variation in ecosystems across the whole planet

• a measure of the diversity within an ecological community, which incorporates both species richness and the evenness of species abundance

The process that would lead to net accretion on a coral reef is

• bioerosion.

• dissolution.

• transportation.

• sedimentation.