Nationalism Review

What is nationalism?

• Pride in your country or nation-state

• A form of unlimited government

• Another term for the Enlightenment

• Using your military to end an attempted revolution

After Napoleon Bonaparte’s empire crumbled, the representatives at the Congress of Vienna decided to award most of northern Italy to the Austrian Empire and to give several monarchs control over the rest of the Italian peninsula instead of unifying them. Despite the Austrian Empire’s attempts to suppress it, nationalism inspired by the French Revolution took hold of the Italians. Revolutionary groups formed in Italy and tried to organize the people into revolt. Giuseppe Mazzini, who was later known as “the soul” of Italian unification, was a part of one of the most influential groups, known as the Carbonari, that created a secret organization called Young Italy in 1831. In southern Italy, another member of the Carbonari, a general named Giuseppe Garibaldi gathered nationalistic volunteers called red shirts to fight with him against the Austrian Empire and those Italian monarchs who did not want to unify Italy. Between 1814 and 1849, the rebellions started by nationalist organizations like those led by Mazzini and Garibaldi were stamped down by local forces or Austrian troops. As a result, both Mazzini and Garibaldi were exiled for their revolutionary actions. They returned when leaders in northern Italy started a campaign that eventually brought Italy together. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II, a supporter of Italian unification, became the King of Sardinia in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Camillo di Cavour, an experienced and savvy diplomat, became Emmanuel’s president of the Council of Ministers in 1852. Emmanuel and Cavour, with the help of Napoleon III of France, used Piedmontese and French troops to successfully pushed the Austrians out of Northern and Central Italy, expanding the Kingdom of Sardinia to a large amount of the Italian peninsula by 1859. Garibaldi, who had returned to Italy to aid in the unification, was convinced by Cavour in May of 1860 to concentrate his forces on Sicily where recent rebellions demonstrated that there was support for their cause. Garibaldi and about a thousand red shirts conquered Sicily in three days. Garibaldi went on to attack several other cities and invaded Naples, gaining support from the inhabitants and becoming a national hero in the process. Meanwhile, Victor Emmanuel commanded the Sardinian army to march south, defeating the Papal states, and coming to Garibaldi’s aid. Garibaldi gave over his command to Emmanuel and they defeated the king of Naples. Only Rome and Venetia remained. On February 18, 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. On March 17, 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy. Three months later, Cavour, having seen his life's work nearly complete, died. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe.” Who was Count Camillo Cavour?

• Leader of German unification

• Leader of French Nationalism

• Leader of Italian unification

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?

• Leader of German unification

• Leader of French Nationalism

• Leader of Italian unification in the north

• Leader of Italian unification and the Red Shirts

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

• Leader of German unification
• Leader of French Nationalism
• Leader of Italian unification in the north
• Leader of Italian unification in the south

What was the impact of nationalism on countries like Italy and Germany?

• The people wanted to divide into many small nation states
• The people wanted to become part of larger countries like France
• The people wanted to unify with people similar to them
• The people wanted to change their cultures

After the fall of Napoleon, a group of aristocratic leaders from various European countries met to discuss ways to prevent more political and social unrest as well as to establish the future boundaries of the continent. Representatives from most European countries and even France met to determine the future of the continent. Officials from Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (the Quadruple Alliance) made most of the decisions at this conference known as the Congress of Vienna. The meetings were held in Vienna between 1814 and 1815. Prince Klemens von Metternich, a brilliant Austrian diplomat, dominated the conference. His ideas greatly influenced European affairs for the next thirty years. Metternich helped restore Europe’s monarchs after the turmoil of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

• To restore the balance of power in Europe

• To give France the land they lost during the Napoleonic Wars

• To unify countries like Italy and Germany

• To stop the rebellions in Latin America

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

• Catholic priest revolution leader in Mexico

• Creole general that led independence in South America

• Slave rebellion leader in Haiti

• European rebellion leader

By the mid-1800s, Prussia had been a force in politics in Northern Europe for centuries. Like most of Europe, it was conquered by Napoleon in the early 1800s and was a part of the coalition of countries who defeated him in 1814. In 1861, King Wilhelm I, a supporter of German unity, came to power. In 1862, he appointed Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) the new Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck became known for his style of diplomacy known as realpolitik. Realpolitik is also known as “pragmatism” and is a way of making political decisions based on being practical instead of based on ideals. Bismarck argued that Germany could only unify through a foreign policy called “blood and iron,” meaning through war and military strength. Through a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, Prussia led by Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck conquered most of the German speaking areas of Europe. On January 18, 1871, the German princes assembled in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles after defeating France and proclaimed the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the "German Emperor" on January 18, 1871. The German Empire was thus founded. Which German state used war & "realpolitik" to take over the other German states & create a unified German Empire?

• Prussia

• Austria

• England

• Bavaria

Nationalism brought unification to Italy & Germany, but threatened to tear apart...

• Austrian Empire

• France

• Mexico

• Japan

What country was created when Prussia won wars against Denmark, Austria, & France between 1864-1870?

• German Empire
• United States of America
• United Kingdom of Great Britain
• French Third Republic