ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Diabetes is a disease that results in the glucose (sugar) level of the blood being higher than normal due to a lack of insulin. All BUT ONE of these are possible long-term effects of diabetes.

• kidney disease

• vision problems

• circulation problems

• skin lesions

During childbirth, physical stretching of the uterus causes the release of a hormone that results in stronger, more frequent contractions. These contraction increase the stretching of the uterus. This is an example of

• a positive feedback loop, because the hormone increases uterine stretching

• a negative feedback loop, because the hormone increases uterine stretching

• a positive feedback loop, because a condition in the body causes an increase in a hormone

• a negative feedback loop, because a condition in the body causes an increase in a hormone

Mammals produce milk to nurse their young. In humans, which hormone controls milk production?

• progestogens

• estrogens

• prolactin

• testosterone

Predict what happens when glucose levels are high in the human body.

• The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease sugar levels and restore homeostasis.

• The pancreas secretes glucagon to decrease sugar levels and restore homeostasis.

• The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone to decrease sugar levels and restore homeostasis

• The anterior pituitary releases luteinizing hormone to decrease sugar levels and restore homeostasis.

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas doesn't make ______.

• insulin

• glucose

• the pancreas

• glut 4 transporters

There are two types of homeostatic control systems in the body. These include positive and negative feedback systems. Most feedback systems are negative, meaning that the original stimulus is reversed. During a positive feedback loop, the original stimulus is intensified.

What is a good example of a positive feedback loop?

• maintaining blood pressure

• blood glucose concentrations in body

• body shivering in response to being cold

• childbirth

Feedback loops. In a non-living example, we can say that the thermostat in your home is an example of a feedback system.

~Thermostat set at a certain temperature

􏰁~ When the temperature in the room changes the thermostat triggers a heater or air conditioning system

􏰁~ The heater or air conditioning system adjusts to the temperature in the room

􏰁 ~When the thermostat senses that the room has reached the appropriate temperature, the heater or air conditioner turns off.

Imagine this human example. You are at a Zumba class, exercising. Your blood sugar drops. Your pancreas secretes glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood. Blood sugar increases. Pancreas - glucagon stops.

Compare the human scenario to the thermostat example. What parts of your body are analogous to the parts in of the thermostat example?

• Hypothalamus - brain

  Pancreas - thermostat

  Blood sugar - heat

• Pancreas - thermostat

  Hormones - heater or air conditioner

  Blood sugar - heat/air

• Hypothalamus - thermostat

  Pancreas - heater or air conditioner

  Hormones - heat/air

• Nervous system - thermostat

  Endocrine system - heater or air conditioner

  Circulatory system - hormones

The human body is in a continual state of hunger, which is intermittently relieved by eating. The drive to eat is periodically stopped by inhibitory impulses generated by things as the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, the flow of nutrients into the blood and other factors. After these satiety factors have dissipated, the desire to eat returns. Scientific studies with lab animals have identified two regions in the hypothalamus that dramatically influence feeding behavior:~lateral hypothalamus - hunger center~ventromedial hypothalamus - satiety centerA rise in blood sugar level after a meal stimulates the pancreas to secrete _____________, which then suppresses appetite by acting on the brain.

• ghrelin

• gastrin

• insulin

• leptin

I. Stomach stretching

II. Secretion of leptin

III. Increase in blood glucoseIV.

IV. Secretion of pancreas hormones, insulin and amylin

"I cannot eat another bite!" That's what you said after eating the meal you see here. Which of the factors listed above contribute to your feeling of fullness after a meal?

• l. and III.

• II. and III.

• I. II. and III.

• All four factors

Childhood obesity has tripled over the past 25 years, as obesity in America and many other countries has reached epidemic proportions. Obesity is a serious concern because it is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and the leading causes of death in the U.S. and worldwide, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. According to the World Health Organization, what statement is true about strategies to reduce obesity?

• Prevention efforts should focus on individual behaviors, such as exercise and diet.

• Prevention efforts should focus on clinical treatments to reduce weight gain in children.

• Prevention efforts should be multifaceted, involving individuals, communities and clinicians.

• Prevention efforts should be focused on the food industry, eliminating unhealthy food choices.