Quiz 9. Review

1. According to Krashen, ______________ is a subconscious process while learning is conscious.

• acquisition

• learning

• communication

• production

Answer explanation

ppt 37,

Acquisition: we acquire L2 knowledge as we are exposed to samples of the L2 which we understand with no conscious attention to language form. It is a subconscious and intuitive process.

Learning: we learn the L2 via a conscious process of study and attention to form and rule learning.

2. According to Stephen Krashen, language acquisition requires extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and tedious drills.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

ppt 37,

Acquisition: we acquire L2 knowledge as we are exposed to samples of the L2 which we understand with no conscious attention to language form. It is a subconscious and intuitive process.

In the acquisition/learning hypothesis, Krashen suggests that we ‘acquire’ language as we are exposed to samples of language that we understand in much the same way that children pick up their first language—with no conscious attention to language form.

3. _______ is a conscious process that focuses the learners’ attention on the form of the language.

• Learning

• Acquisition

Answer explanation

ppt 37,

We ‘learn’ on the other hand through conscious attention to form and rule learning.

4. _________ involves the subconscious acceptance of knowledge when information is stored in the brain through the use of communication.

• Acquisition

• Learning

• Input

• Monitor

Answer explanation

ppt 37,

In the acquisition/learning hypothesis, Krashen suggests that we ‘acquire’ language as we are exposed to samples of language that we understand in much the same way that children pick up their first language—with no conscious attention to language form. We ‘learn,’ on the other hand, through conscious attention to form and rule learning.

5. According to the _______ hypothesis, the monitor allows a language user to alter the form of an utterance either prior to production by consciously applying learned rules or after production via self-correction.

• acquisition-learning

• natural order

• monitor

• input

Answer explanation

ppt 38,

Next, according to the monitor hypothesis, second language users draw on what they have acquired when they engage in spontaneous communication. They may use rules and patterns that have been learned as an editor or ‘monitor,’ allowing them to make minor changes and polish what the acquired system has produced. Such monitoring takes place only when the speaker/writer has plenty of time, is concerned about producing correct language, and has learned the relevant rules.

6. Which of the following describe Krashen's Natural Order Hypothesis?

• Parts of a language are acquired in a predictable order.

• Teachers should use natural-sounding oral language.

• Reading material needs to be authentic.

• Teaching should encompass every student’s language learning.

Answer explanation

ppt 39,

The natural order hypothesis was based on the finding that, as in first language acquisition, second language acquisition unfolds in predictable sequences, as we saw in Chapter 2 (p. 47). The most uncomplicated language rules to state (and thus to learn) are not necessarily the first to be acquired.

7. Stress, anxiety, fear, fatigue, and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) are examples of states that can rise ________, impeding learning.

• the monitor

• the affective filter

• the acquisition

• the input

Answer explanation

ppt 42

The affective filter is a symbolic barrier that prevents learners from acquiring language even when appropriate input is available. Affect refers to feelings of anxiety or negative attitudes that, as we saw in Chapter 3, may be associated with poor learning outcomes. A tense, anxious, or bored learner may filter out input, making it unavailable for acquisition.

8. What is meant by i+1?

• The material should be just slightly above the learner's current level of abilities.

• Language learners should be paired with others below their current levels.

• Students need to identify their learning strengths and weaknesses to set goals.

• Students should be provided with independent homework.

Answer explanation

ppt 41,

The comprehensible input hypothesis is that acquisition occurs when one is exposed to language that is comprehensible and contains i+1. The ‘i’ represents the level of language already acquired, and the ‘+1’ is a metaphor for language (words, grammatical forms, aspects of pronunciation) that is just a step beyond that level.

9. Certain rules within a language are acquired before others. Correct usage of grammatical structures is acquired gradually in both L1 and L2.

• Natural Order Hypothesis

• Dual Language Immersion

• Interlanguage

• Language Transfer

Answer explanation

ppt 39,

The natural order hypothesis was based on the finding that, as in first language acquisition, second language acquisition unfolds in predictable sequences, as we saw in Chapter 2 (p. 47). The most uncomplicated language rules to state (and thus to learn) are not necessarily the first to be acquired.

10. A high affective filter can hinder the development of language acquisition and have an overall negative impact on the learner. Choose one that could contribute to a heightened affective filter.

• Boredom

• High success, confidence-building tasks

• Highly engaging and varied teaching materials and styles

• A positive tone and body language

Answer explanation

ppt 33,

Affect refers to feelings of anxiety or negative attitudes that, as we saw in Chapter 3, may be associated with poor learning outcomes. A tense, anxious, or bored learner may filter out input, making it unavailable for acquisition.