APWH Midterm Review Unit 2 and 3

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?

• States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

• The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.

• States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.

• The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT?

• the Ottoman Empire

• the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

• the Safavid Empire

• the Qing (Manchu) Empire

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750?

• It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew.

• It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations.

• It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

• It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire.

Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200–1450 ?

• The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

• The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.

• The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce.

• The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states.

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200–1450 ?

• The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities.

• Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.

• Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

• The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert.

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

• It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

• It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects.

• It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

• It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa.

The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450–1750 ?

• As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources.

• As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue.

• As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries.

• As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue.

The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450–1750 ?

• Local elites began to command their own military forces.

• States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration.

• States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.

• Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?

• The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy

• The emergence of banking systems

• The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation

• The creation of larger state bureaucracies

The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450

• had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

• could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

• increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports

• required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles