cAMP is best described as a (an)

• Energy carrying molecule

• Secondary Messenger molecule

• Membrane Ligand

• Receptor molecule

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

• ligand
• second messenger
• protein kinase
• receptor protein

What is a G protein?

• specific type of membrane-receptor protein
• molecular switch on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane

• cytochrome complex within the plasma membrane

• transmembrane protein

Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

• cAMP
• G Protein
• protein kinase
• protein phosphatase

What do second messengers do?

• transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
• relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
• relay message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm

• dampen the message

What is a function of the second messenger IP3?

• bind to and activate protein kinase A
• activate transcription factors
• convert ATP to cAMP
• bind to and open ligand-gated channels

Which of the following is involved in many human medicines for disease?

• cAMP
• Calcium concentration
• G-protein pathways
• receptor tyrosine kinases

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

• an enzyme cascade
• binding of multiple signals
• branching pathways
• action of adenylyl cyclase

What does a protein kinase do?

• removes phosphates from proteins

• transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
• activates an enzyme
• Transfer phosphates to nucleotides

What does a protein phosphatase do?

• removes phosphates
• transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
• activates an enzyme with a signal molecule