SPS4: Nuclear Chemistry Standards Check Review (O.A. 12-15-21)

When two nuclei are combined into one nucleus, there is a slight change in mass and the release of a large amount of energy. What is this process called?

• conversion

• reaction

• fission

• fusion

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• nuclear decay

• nuclear fission

• nuclear fusion

• nuclear half-life

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Even though nuclear fission has been used to produce electric power for many decades, nuclear fusion power plants have not yet been developed. Why is nuclear fusion not used to produce power?

• Nuclear fusion generates much more energy than nuclear fission so it is much harder to control.

• Nuclear fusion reactions only occur at temperatures that are much greater than those of nuclear fission.

• Nuclear fusion can only occur in very dense places such as the center of a star while nuclear fission can occur on Earth.

• Nuclear fusion can only occur in very dense places such as the center of a star while nuclear fission can occur on Earth.

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Scientists are currently researching methods of harnessing energy from the fusion of atoms. The particle resulting from the fusion of the two atomic nuclei has less mass than the original atoms. Which statement best describes how energy is released in this process?

• Mass is burned to create energy in the form of heat.

• Mass is released in the form of electrons when the nuclei fuse.

• Mass and energy cannot be lost, but mass can be converted into energy.

• Mass and energy exist in equal amounts, and both are released by fusion.

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• One half-life is about 28,650 years.

• Carbon-14 (¹⁴C) dating would be useful for one-million-year-old fossils.

• The amount of carbon-14 (¹⁴C) will be undetectable in about 30,000 years.

• The carbon-14 (¹⁴C) in the sample will begin to increase in 29,000 years.

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Fusion of oxygen nuclei occurs in the cores of very massive stars. In one oxygen fusion process, two nuclei of oxygen-16 fuse to form helium-4 and a second, larger atomic nucleus. What is the other product of this fusion process?

• silicon-28

• silicon-30

• sulfur-32

• sulfur-34

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One kilogram of uranium can produce as much energy as 16,000 kilograms of coal. Why is the energy output for uranium so much greater than the energy output for coal?

• Uranium undergoes many more steps of purification than coal does before it is used in reactions.

• Uranium is a highly reactive metal that reacts violently with oxygen during combustion.

• Uranium undergoes fission, and nuclear reactions give off more energy than chemical reactions.

• Uranium is extremely radioactive and gives off higher electromagnetic radiation than burning coal.

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When carbon and helium atoms undergo fusion, oxygen and one neutron are produced. The total mass of the products is less than the total mass of the carbon and helium that combine. Which statement best explains the decrease in the total mass?

• Two atoms are combined to form one atom.

• Some of the mass is lost as undetectable particles.

• Some of the mass was used up during the reaction.

• The difference in mass was transformed into energy.

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A carbon nucleus has a total mass of 12.0000 amu. When the individual masses of the particles in the nucleus are added separately, the total mass is 12.0956 amu. What is the reason for the difference in masses?

• Mass is converted into chemical energy.

• Mass is converted into the nuclear binding energy.

• Nuclear radiation has been given off in the form of small particles.

• Each particle gains an electron when separated, increasing the mass.

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