One reason that second language is not learned as easily as the first is second-language learners are not exposed to as much of the second language as they are to the first.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

True. First- language learners receive about 25,000 hours of family-live input, whereas school learners of a second language receive only about 1,000 hours of input per year.

In order to teach a second language more effectively, one must reduce the complexity to make it comprehensible.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

False. Reducing the complexity of language is not the same thing as making lessons comprehensible. Language is taught most effectively when teachers acquire a set of skills specifically designed for English learners.

Despite learning-style diversity, differing levels of primary- language literacy, and differing social skills cause widely varying rates of second- language acquisition on the part of English learners.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

False. In fact, learning style diversity, differing levels of primary language literacy, and differing social skills cause widely varying rates of second-language acquisition on the part of English learners.

Name the six states that have the largest numbers of English learners in public schools.

Answer explanation

California, Texas, Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, and Washington have the largest numbers of English learners in public schools.

The percentage of Latino students in U.S. public schools is expect to increase from __ percent in 2012 to __ percent in 2024.

Answer explanation

The percentage of Latino students in U.S. public schools is expected to increase from 24% in 2012 to 29% in 2024.

Spanish is the first language of __ percent of U.S. English learners.

Answer explanation

Spanish is the first language of 71% of U.S. English learners.

Tharp contrast which two dimensions of cognitive styles?

Answer explanation

visual versus verbal

holistic versus analytical

List several ways that teachers can promote additive bilingualism.

Answer explanation

Send home newsletters that feature articles by students in English and English learners' first languages.

Make sure books are available for check out in English and English learners' first language. Welcome guest speakers who speak the home language to share the importance of being proficient in both languages.

Is motivation a trait or a state? Which option allows teachers to have a bigger influence on students' classroom learning?

Answer explanation

Both. Motivation as a trait is stable, or consistent over time, and is attributed to parents, communities, and cultures. As a state, motivation is temporary and can be influenced by a teacher's encouragement.

List three negative effects of tracking on high- school English learners.

Answer explanation

Tracking often labels ELLs as low achievers and discourages them from participating in college prep. course work. As a result, they may experience frustration or internalize a stigmatized identity.