Clinical Psychology Review

Psychological disorders are diagnosed using criteria from

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

• International Psychological Manual

• Diagnostic and Psychosis Guide for Mental Illness

• the Merriem Webster Dictionary

...identified by the presence of physical symptoms that impair normal functioning. No medical condition can be diagnosed due to the symptoms being created by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the disorder

• Neurocognitive Disorder

• Somatic Symptom Disorder

• Schizophrenia

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Characterized by obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily life and functioning.

• Panic attacks and anxiety frequently occur.

• A strong, constant fear caused by a particular object or act.

• Identified by cyclical patterns of mania and depression. Excessive amounts of dopamine are often present.

Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs?

• Classical conditioning, because dogs are associated with classical conditioning studies.

• Operant conditioning, because Dalton is being reinforced for his behavior.

• Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.

• Genetics, because Dalton and his cousin share some of the same genes.

Which of the following depictions is most consistent with signs of borderline disorder?

• Merle is considered an extremely merciless and ruthless businessman. He takes any opportunity he can to get ahead, even if it involves hurting many people or breaking the law.

• Merle has a split personality: Merle, who is a responsible and hardworking, and Elrem, who is extremely wild and identifies as a different age and gender than Merle.

• Merle finds it extremely difficult to make eye contact with people. He is also extremely interested in roller coasters and will talk about length about roller coasters to his classmates, even though they are giving cues that they are not interested in the conversation.

• Merle was getting along fine with his roommate Carl until Carl left the milk out of the refrigerator. Merle then dumped all of the food in the refrigerator onto the kitchen floor and changed the locks when Carl was away.

 involves fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation.

• social anxiety

• specific phobia

• agoraphobia

What is NOT criteria for abnormal behavior?

• Is the thinking or behavior unusual? statistically rare?

• Does it go against social norms?

• Does it cause subjective discomfort?

• Does it require psychotherapy?

Therapies directed at changing disordered behavior are referred to as

• Action Therapies

• Insight Therapies

• Relationship therapies

• Intuitive Therapies

Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by...

• Freud

• Rogers

• Perls

• Skinner

What did Carl Rogers view as a cause of the most personal problems & unhappiness?

• reinforcement of maladaptive behavior patterns

• unrealistic modes of thought employed by many people

• a neurochemical imbalance

• mismatch between an individual's ideal self and real self